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Textbook of Gastrointestinal Oncology pp 509–532Cite as

Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention: Diet, Lifestyle, and Therapeutic Prevention

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Abstract

Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are a diverse group of tumors along the GI tract with distinct histopathologic features and clinical behavior. Globally, colorectal, gastric, esophageal, liver, and pancreatic cancers represent 5 of the top 10 causes of cancer mortality, and account for approximately 1.9 million cancer deaths per year. Directing resources solely on researching and treating advanced cancers would be unsustainable. Consequently, the importance of conducting cancer prevention research cannot be overemphasized, as effective cancer prevention strategies may reduce both cancer incidence and mortality. This chapter focuses on preventive interventions, which encompass primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. We will present the latest evidence on prevention strategies involving diet, physical activity, weight loss, and chemoprevention of common GI malignancies. Developing an effective cancer prevention strategy requires an understanding of the carcinogenesis sequence of each individual cancer. For instance, intraepithelial neoplasia is a premalignant condition that can be detected and treated in order to halt the carcinogenesis sequence. In addition to efficacy, an effective cancer prevention intervention must have a low threshold for toxicity – since the at-risk population is typically free of malignancy at the time of intervention. The bulk of this chapter discusses colorectal cancer prevention strategies due to the vast amount of research conducted. However, we will also discuss preventive strategies of the major GI cancers: anal, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, and hepatobiliary. Our focus throughout this chapter is high-quality evidence from clinical trials (level 1 evidence) or consistent reports from observational studies (level 2 evidence), as supported by experimental results.

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Acknowledgments

Funding: Support for this work comes from a University of California Irvine Department of Medicine Research Grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hematology/Oncology, Genesis Healthcare System, Genesis Cancer Services, Zanesville, OH, USA

    Phu N. Tran

  2. Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, UC Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA

    Jason A. Zell

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Correspondence to Jason A. Zell .

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  1. Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Institute of Cancer, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey

    Suayib Yalcin

  2. Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA

    Philip A. Philip

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Tran, P.N., Zell, J.A. (2019). Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention: Diet, Lifestyle, and Therapeutic Prevention. In: Yalcin, S., Philip, P. (eds) Textbook of Gastrointestinal Oncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18890-0_29

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