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Génétique des obésités humaines

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Physiologie et physiopathologie du tissu adipeux

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Résumé

Bien avant d’étudier l’ADN, on estimait que l’obésité était une maladie familiale. Les études de corrélations familiales montrent un haut degré de ressemblance pour l’IMC et une héritabilité élevée de l’obésité. Cependant, comme l’a fait remarquer Claude Bouchard (un des meilleurs spécialistes de la génétique de l’équilibre énergétique), dans les familles d’obèses, même les chats et les chiens sont obèses ! En réalité, l’environnement commun dans les familles constitue un problème important quand on étudie la génétique de l’obésité. La plupart du temps, l’obésité est le résultat d’interactions complexes entre génétique et environnement, comme la majorité des maladies importantes en termes de santé publique, les maladies multifactorielles et polygéniques. Néanmoins, quelques rares cas d’obésité sont provoqués par des défauts d’un seul gène. La proportion de sujets obèses porteurs de tels défauts est infime, mais leur étude a fourni une grande partie des connaissances sur la physiologie de la régulation de l’équilibre énergétique et du comportement alimentaire. Les gènes dont les défauts majeurs entraînent les obésités monogéniques peuvent être impliqués aussi dans la susceptibilité aux obésités multifactorielles communes par des variants génétiques fréquents (polymorphismes).

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  1. Inserm U695, Déterminants génétiques du diabète de type 2 et de ses complications vasculaires, UFR de Médecine Université Paris Diderot, Paris 7, site Bichat, 16, rue Henri-Huchard, BP 416, 75870, Paris Cedex 18, France

    F. Fumeron

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Fumeron, F. (2013). Génétique des obésités humaines. In: Physiologie et physiopathologie du tissu adipeux. Springer, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0332-6_24

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