Abstract
G-quadruplex structures have been suggested to be biologically important in processes such as transcription and translation, gene expression and regulation in human cancer cells, and regulation of telomere length. Investigation of G-quadruplex structures associated with biological events is therefore essential to understanding the functions of these molecules. We developed the 19F-labeled nucleobases and introduced them into DNA sequences for the 19F NMR spectroscopy analysis. We present the 19F NMR methodology used in our research group for the study of G-quadruplex structures in vitro and in living cells.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Xu Y (2011) Chemistry in human telomere biology: structure, function and targeting of telomere DNA/RNA. Chem Soc Rev 40:2719–2740
Hansel-Hertsch R, Di Antonio M, Balasubramanian S (2017) DNA G-quadruplexes in the human genome: detection, functions and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 18:279–284
Hirashima K, Seimiya H (2015) Telomeric repeat-containing RNA/G-quadruplex-forming sequences cause genome-wide alteration of gene expression in human cancer cells in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 43:2022–2032
Rhodes D, Lipps HJ (2015) G-quadruplexes and their regulatory roles in biology. Nucleic Acids Res 43:8627–8637
Xu Y, Sato H, Sannohe Y, Shinohara K, Sugiyama H (2008) Stable lariat formation based on a G-quadruplex scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 130:16470–16471
Xu Y, Ishizuka T, Kurabayashi K, Komiyama M (2009) Consecutive formation of G-quadruplexes in human telomeric-overhang DNA: a protective capping structure for telomere ends. Angew Chem Int Ed 48:7833–7836
Xu Y, Ishizuka T, Yang J, Ito K, Katada H, Komiyama M, Hayashi T (2012) Oligonucleotide models of telomeric DNA and RNA form a hybrid G-quadruplex structure as a potential component of telomeres. J Biol Chem 287:41787–41796
Takahama K, Takada A, Tada S, Shimizu M, Sayama K, Kurokawa R, Oyoshi T (2013) Regulation of telomere length by G-quadruplex telomere DNA- and TERRA-binding protein TLS/FUS. Chem Biol 20:341–350
Wang C, Zhao L, Lu S (2015) Role of TERRA in the regulation of telomere length. Int J Biol Sci 11:316–323
Simonsson T, Pecinka P, Kubista M (1998) DNA tetraplex formation in the control region of c-myc. Nucleic Acids Res 26:1167–1172
Siddiqui-Jain A, Grand CL, Bearss DJ, Hurley LH (2002) Direct evidence for a G-quadruplex in a promoter region and its targeting with a small molecule to repress c-MYC transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:11593–11598
Hershman SG, Chen Q, Lee JY, Kozak ML, Yue P, Wang LS, Johnson FB (2008) Genomic distribution and functional analyses of potential G-quadruplex-forming sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res 36:144–156
Ito K, Go S, Komiyama M, Xu Y (2011) Inhibition of translation by small RNA-stabilized mRNA structures in human cells. J Am Chem Soc 133:19153–19159
Xu Y, Sugiyama H (2006) Formation of the G-quadruplex and i-motif structures in retinoblastoma susceptibility genes (Rb). Nucleic Acids Res 34:949–954
Paeschke K, Capra JA, Zakian VA (2011) DNA replication through G-quadruplex motifs is promoted by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pif1 DNA helicase. Cell 145:678–691
Besnard E, Babled A, Lapasset L, Milhavet O, Parrinello H, Dantec C, Marin JM, Lemaitre JM (2012) Unraveling cell type-specific and reprogrammable human replication origin signatures associated with G-quadruplex consensus motifs. Nat Struct Mol Biol 19:837–844
Vannier JB, Sandhu S, Petalcorin MI, Wu X, Nabi Z, Ding H, Boulton SJ (2013) RTEL1 is a replisome-associated helicase that promotes telomere and genome-wide replication. Science 342:239–242
Valton AL, Hassan-Zadeh V, Lema I, Boggetto N, Alberti P, Saintome C, Riou JF, Prioleau MN (2014) G4 motifs affect origin positioning and efficiency in two vertebrate replicators. EMBO J 33:732–746
Valton AL, Prioleau MN (2016) G-quadruplexes in DNA replication: a problem or a necessity? Trends Genet 32:697–706
Hurley LH (2002) DNA and its associated processes as targets for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2:188–200
Neidle S, Parkinson G (2002) Telomere maintenance as a target for anticancer drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 1:383–393
De Cian A, Lacroix L, Douarre C, Temime-Smaali N, Trentesaux C, Riou JF, Mergny JL (2008) Targeting telomeres and telomerase. Biochimie 90:131–155
Balasubramanian S, Neidle S (2009) G-quadruplex nucleic acids as therapeutic targets. Curr Opin Chem Biol 13:345–353
Xu Y, Suzuki Y, Lonnberg T, Komiyama M (2009) Human telomeric DNA sequence-specific cleaving by G-quadruplex formation. J Am Chem Soc 131:2871–2874
Shinohara K, Sannohe Y, Kaieda S, Tanaka K, Osuga H, Tahara H, Xu Y, Kawase T, Bando T, Sugiyama H (2010) A chiral wedge molecule inhibits telomerase activity. J Am Chem Soc 132:3778–3782
Xu Y, Ito K, Suzuki Y, Komiyama M (2010) A 6-mer photocontrolled oligonucleotide as an effective telomerase inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 132:631–637
Collie GW, Parkinson GN (2011) The application of DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes to therapeutic medicines. Chem Soc Rev 40:5867–5892
Zhao C, Wu L, Ren J, Xu Y, Qu X (2013) Targeting human telomeric higher-order DNA: dimeric G-quadruplex units serve as preferred binding site. J Am Chem Soc 135:18786–18789
Lin C, Yang D (2017) Human telomeric G-quadruplex structures and G-quadruplex-interactive compounds. Methods Mol Biol 1587:171–196
Neidle S (2017) Quadruplex nucleic acids as targets for anticancer therapeutics. Nat Rev Chem 1:0041
Wang Y, Patel DJ (1993) Solution structure of the human telomeric repeat d[AG3(T2AG3)3] G-tetraplex. Structure 1:263–282
Parkinson GN, Lee MP, Neidle S (2002) Crystal structure of parallel quadruplexes from human telomeric DNA. Nature 417:876–880
Ambrus A, Chen D, Dai J, Bialis T, Jones RA, Yang D (2006) Human telomeric sequence forms a hybrid-type intramolecular G-quadruplex structure with mixed parallel/antiparallel strands in potassium solution. Nucleic Acids Res 34:2723–2735
Luu KN, Phan AT, Kuryavyi V, Lacroix L, Patel DJ (2006) Structure of the human telomere in K+ solution: an intramolecular (3 + 1) G-quadruplex scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 128:9963–9970
Xu Y, Noguchi Y, Sugiyama H (2006) The new models of the human telomere d[AGGG(TTAGGG)3] in K+ solution. Bioorg Med Chem 14:5584–5591
Phan AT, Luu KN, Patel DJ (2006) Different loop arrangements of intramolecular human telomeric (3 + 1) G-quadruplexes in K+ solution. Nucleic Acids Res 34:5715–5719
Phan AT, Kuryavyi V, Luu KN, Patel DJ (2007) Structure of two intramolecular G-quadruplexes formed by natural human telomere sequences in K+ solution. Nucleic Acids Res 35:6517–6525
Avino A, Fabrega C, Tintore M, Eritja R (2012) Thrombin binding aptamer, more than a simple aptamer: chemically modified derivatives and biomedical applications. Curr Pharm Des 18:2036–2047
Deng B, Lin Y, Wang C, Li F, Wang Z, Zhang H, Li XF, Le XC (2014) Aptamer binding assays for proteins: the thrombin example-a review. Anal Chim Acta 837:1–15
Esposito V, Scuotto M, Capuozzo A, Santamaria R, Varra M, Mayol L, Virgilio A, Galeone A (2014) A straightforward modification in the thrombin binding aptamer improving the stability, affinity to thrombin and nuclease resistance. Org Biomol Chem 12:8840–8843
Virgilio A, Petraccone L, Scuotto M, Vellecco V, Bucci M, Mayol L, Varra M, Esposito V, Galeone A (2014) 5-Hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine residues in the thrombin binding aptamer: investigating anticoagulant activity by making a tiny chemical modification. Chembiochem 15:2427–2434
Scuotto M, Rivieccio E, Varone A, Corda D, Bucci M, Vellecco V, Cirino G, Virgilio A, Esposito V, Galeone A, Borbone N, Varra M, Mayol L (2015) Site specific replacements of a single loop nucleoside with a dibenzyl linker may switch the activity of TBA from anticoagulant to antiproliferative. Nucleic Acids Res 43:7702–7716
Virgilio A, Petraccone L, Vellecco V, Bucci M, Varra M, Irace C, Santamaria R, Pepe A, Mayol L, Esposito V, Galeone A (2015) Site-specific replacement of the thymine methyl group by fluorine in thrombin binding aptamer significantly improves structural stability and anticoagulant activity. Nucleic Acids Res 43:10602–10611
Macaya RF, Schultze P, Smith FW, Roe JA, Feigon J (1993) Thrombin-binding DNA aptamer forms a unimolecular quadruplex structure in solution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:3745–3749
Kelly JA, Feigon J, Yeates TO (1996) Reconciliation of the X-ray and NMR structures of the thrombin-binding aptamer d(GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG). J Mol Biol 256:417–422
Russo Krauss I, Merlino A, Giancola C, Randazzo A, Mazzarella L, Sica F (2011) Thrombin-aptamer recognition: a revealed ambiguity. Nucleic Acids Res 39:7858–7867
Phan AT, Patel DJ (2003) Two-repeat human telomeric d(TAGGGTTAGGGT) sequence forms interconverting parallel and antiparallel G-quadruplexes in solution: distinct topologies, thermodynamic properties, and folding/unfolding kinetics. J Am Chem Soc 125:15021–15027
Xu Y, Suzuki Y, Komiyama M (2009) Click chemistry for the identification of G-quadruplex structures: discovery of a DNA-RNA G-quadruplex. Angew Chem Int Ed 48:3281–3284
Xu Y, Suzuki Y, Ishizuka T, Xiao CD, Liu X, Hayashi T, Komiyama M (2014) Finding a human telomere DNA-RNA hybrid G-quadruplex formed by human telomeric 6-mer RNA and 16-mer DNA using click chemistry: a protective structure for telomere end. Bioorg Med Chem 22:4419–4421
Zhang N, Phan AT, Patel DJ (2005) (3 + 1) assembly of three human telomeric repeats into an asymmetric dimeric G-quadruplex. J Am Chem Soc 127:17277–17285
Zhou L, Rajabzadeh M, Traficante DD, Cho BP (1997) Conformational heterogeneity of arylamine-modified DNA: 19F NMR evidence. J Am Chem Soc 119:5384–5389
Hammann C, Norman DG, Lilley DM (2001) Dissection of the ion-induced folding of the hammerhead ribozyme using 19F NMR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:5503–5508
Barhate NB, Barhate RN, Cekan P, Drobny G, Sigurdsson ST (2008) A nonafluoro nucleoside as a sensitive 19F NMR probe of nucleic acid conformation. Org Lett 10:2745–2747
Graber D, Moroder H, Micura R (2008) 19F NMR spectroscopy for the analysis of RNA secondary structure populations. J Am Chem Soc 130:17230–17231
Kiviniemi A, Virta P (2010) Characterization of RNA invasion by 19F NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 132:8560–8562
Sakamoto T, Hayakawa H, Fujimoto K (2011) Development of a potassium ion sensor for 19F magnetic resonance chemical shift imaging based on fluorine-labeled thrombin aptamer. Chem Lett 40:720–721
Fauster K, Kreutz C, Micura R (2012) 2′-SCF3 uridine-a powerful label for probing structure and function of RNA by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:13080–13084
Lombès T, Moumné R, Larue V, Prost E, Catala M, Lecourt T, Dardel F, Micouin L, Tisné C (2012) Investigation of RNA-ligand interactions by 19F NMR spectroscopy using fluorinated probes. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:9530–9534
Chen H, Viel S, Ziarelli F, Peng L (2013) 19F NMR: a valuable tool for studying biological events. Chem Soc Rev 42:7971–7982
Tanabe K, Tsuda T, Ito T, Nishimoto S (2013) Probing DNA mismatched and bulged structures by using 19F NMR spectroscopy and oligodeoxynucleotides with an 19F-labeled nucleobase. Chem A Eur J 19:15133–15140
Zhao C, Devany M, Greenbaum NL (2014) Measurement of chemical exchange between RNA conformers by 19F NMR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 453:692–695
Bao HL, Ishizuka T, Sakamoto T, Fujimoto K, Uechi T, Kenmochi N, Xu Y (2017) Characterization of human telomere RNA G-quadruplex structures in vitro and in living cells using 19F NMR spectroscopy. Nucleic Acids Res 45:5501–5511
Ishizuka T, Zhao PY, Bao HL, Xu Y (2017) A multi-functional guanine derivative for studying the DNA G-quadruplex structure. Analyst 142:4083–4088
Bao HL, Xu Y (2018) Investigation of higher-order RNA G-quadruplex structures in vitro and in living cells by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Nat Protoc 13:652–665
Ye Y, Liu X, Xu G, Liu M, Li C (2015) Direct observation of Ca2+-induced calmodulin conformational transitions in intact Xenopus laevis oocytes by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed 54:5328–5330
Bao HL, Ishizuka T, Iwanami A, Oyoshi T, Xu Y (2017) A simple and sensitive 19F NMR approach for studying the interaction of RNA G-quadruplex with ligand molecule and protein. Chem Select 2:4170–4175
Ishizuka T, Yamashita A, Asada Y, Xu Y (2017) Studying DNA G-quadruplex aptamer by 19F NMR. ACS Omega 2:8843–8848
Bao HL, Xu Y (2019) Hybrid-type and two-tetrad antiparallel telomere DNA G-quadruplex structures in living human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 47:4940–4947
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by JSPS KAKENHI (26288083, 17H03091, 16K17938). Support from the Takeda Science Foundation and Nakatani Foundation Scholarship is also acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Ishizuka, T., Bao, HL., Xu, Y. (2019). 19F NMR Spectroscopy for the Analysis of DNA G-Quadruplex Structures Using 19F-Labeled Nucleobase. In: Yang, D., Lin, C. (eds) G-Quadruplex Nucleic Acids. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2035. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9666-7_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9666-7_26
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9665-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9666-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols