Abstract
Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) of gram-negative bacteria induce numerous biological activities which, depending on concentration of endotoxin and reactivity of the host may be either harmful or beneficial (for review see 12, 23). The pathophysiological effects of endotoxin drew much attention in the past and classical endotoxin activities like pyrogenicity, leucopenia or Shwartzman reaction were studied extensively. On the other hand, questions concerning the endotoxin itself, its pathway through the organism and its ultimate fate drew little attention and remained virtually unexplored. Thus for many years it was generally believed that the organism possesses mechanisms for detoxifying endotoxin (1, 3, 17–19, 22, 30–34, 36). Evidence for this, however, was never presented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bertok, L., 1980, Role of bile in detoxification of lipopolysaccharide, in: “Microbiology,” D. Schlesinger, ed., Am. Soc. Microbiol., Washington D.C.
Chedid, L., Parant, F., Parant, M. and Boyer, F., 1966, Localization and fate of 51Cr-labeled somatic antigens of smooth and rough Salmonellae. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 133: 712.
Farrar, W. E., Jr. and Corwin, L. M., 1966, The essential role of the liver in detoxification of endotoxin. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 133: 668.
Freudenberg, M. A., Brig-Hansen, T. C., Back, U. and Galanos, C., 1980, Interaction of lipopolysaccharides with plasma high-density lipoprotein in rats. Infect. Immun. 28: 373.
Freudenberg, M. A., Kleine, B. and Galanos, C., 1984, The fate of lipopolysaccharide in rats: evidence for chemical alteration in the molecule. Rev. Infect. Dis. 6: 483.
Freudenberg, M. A. and Galanos, C., The metabolic fate of endotoxins, in: “Bacterial Endotoxins: Pathophysiological effects, clinical significance and pharmacological control,” A. R. Liss, Inc., New York, in press.
Freudenberg, M. A., Big-Hansen, T. C., Back, U., Jirillo, E. and Galanos, C., 1980, Interaction of lipopolysaccharides with plasma high density lipoprotein in rats, in: D. Eaker and T. Wadstrom, eds., Natural Toxins, Pergamon Press, New York.
Freudenberg, M. A. and Galanos, C., 1985, Alterations in rats in vivo of the chemical structure of lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella abortus equi. Eur. J. Biochem. 152: 353.
Freudenberg, M. A., Freudenberg, N. and Galanos, C., 1982, Time course of cellular distribution of endotoxin in liver, lungs and kidneys of rats. Br. J. Exp. Path. 63: 56.
Freudenberg, N., Freudenberg, M. A., Bandara, K. and Galanos, C., 1985, Distribution and localization of endotoxin in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and in the main vessels of the rat during shock. Path. Res. Pract. 179: 517.
Freudenberg, N., Freudenberg, M. A., Guzman, J., Mittermayer, C., Bandara, K. and Galanos, C., 1984, Identification of endotoxin-positive cells in the rat lung during shock. Virchows Arch [Pathol. Anat.] 404: 197.
Galanos, C., Luderitz, 0., Rietschel, E. T. and Westphal, 0., 1977, Newer aspects of the chemistry and biology of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, with special reference to their lipid A component. Intern. Rev. Biochem., Biochemistry of Lipids II 14: 239.
Galanos, C. and Luderitz, O., 1975, Electrodialysis of lipopolysaccharides and their conversion to uniform salt forms. Eur. J. Biochem. 54: 603.
Galanos, C., Luderitz, 0. and Westphal, 0., 1979, Preparation and properties of a standardized lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella abortus equi (Novo-Pyrexal). Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. 243: 226.
Goldman, R. C. and Leive, L., 1980, Heterogeneity of antigenic-sidechain length in lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 0111 and Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Eur. J. Biochem. 107: 145.
Hofman, J. and Dlabac, V., 1974, The role of lipid A in phagocytosis of gram-negative bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides. J. Hyg.Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 18: 447.
Johnson, K. J. and Ward, P. A., 1972, The requirement for serum complement in the detoxification of bacterial endotoxin. J. Immunol. 108: 611.
Johnson, K. J., Ward, P. A., Goralnick, S. and Osborn, M. J., 1977, Isolation from human serum of an inactivator of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Am. J. Pathol. 88: 559.
Keene, W. R., Landy, M. and Shear, M. J., 1961, Inactivation of endotoxin by a humoral component. VII. Enzymatic degradation of endotoxin by blood plasma. J. Clin. Invest. 40: 302.
Kleine, B., Freudenberg, M. A. and Galanos, C., 1985, Excreti n of radioactivity in faeces and urine of rats injected with 3H, i’C- lipopolysaccharide. Br. J. Exp. Path. 66: 303.
Mathison, J. C. and Ulevitch, R. J., 1979, The clearance, tissue distribution, and cellular localization of intravenously injected lipopolysaccharide in rabbits. J. Immunol. 123: 2133.
May, J. E., Kane, M. A. and Frank, M. M., 1972, Host defense against bacterial endotoxemia - contribution of the early and late components of complement to detoxification of bacterial endotoxin. J. Immunol. 109: 893.
Morrison, D. C. and Ulevitch, R. J., 1978, The effects of bacterial endotoxins on host mediation systems. Am. J. Pathol. 93: 527.
Morrison, D. C. and Kline, L. F., 1977, Activation of the classical and properidin pathways of complement by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). J. Immunol. 118: 362.
Munford, R. S., Andersen, J. M. and Dietschy, J. M., 1981, Sites of tissue binding and uptake in vivo of bacterial lipopolysaccharide-high density lipoprotein complexes. Studies in the rat and squirrel monkey. J. Clin. Invest. 68: 1503.
Neter, E., Westphal, 0., Luderitz, 0., Gorzynski, E. A. and Eichenberger, E., 1956, Studies of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides. Effects of heat and chemicals on erythrocytes-modifying, antigenic, toxic, and pyrogenic properties. J. Immunol. 76: 377.
Niwa, M., Milner, K. C., Ribi, E. and Rudbach, J. A., 1969, Alteration of physical, chemical and biological properties of endotoxin by treatment with mild alkali. J. Bacteriol. 97: 1069.
Palva, T. and Mäkelä, H., 1980, Lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity in Salmonella typhimurium analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eur. J. Biochem. 107: 137.
Ramadori, G., Hopf, U., Galanos, C., Freudenberg, M. A. and Meyer zum Büschenfelde, K. H., 1980, In vitro and in vivo reactivity of lipopolysaccharides and lipid A with parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells in mice, in: “The reticuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease,” H. Liehr and M. Grün, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, North Holland.
Rudbach, J. A., Anacker, R. L., Haskins, W. T., Johnson, A. G., Milner, K. C. and Ribi, E., 1966, Physical aspects of reversible inactivation of endotoxin. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 133: 629.
Rutenburg, S. H., Smith, E. E., Rutenburg, A. M. and Fine, J., 1961, Degradation of endotoxin by splenic extracts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 142.
Skarnes, R., Rutenburg, S. and Fine, J., 1968, Fractionation of an esterase from calf spleen implicated in the detoxification of bacterial endotoxin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 128: 75.
Skarnes, R. C., 1970, Host defense against bacterial endotoxemia: mechanism in normal animals. J. Exp. Med. 132: 300.
Trapani, R. J., Waravdekar, V. S., Landy, M. and Shear, M. J., 1961, In vitro inactivation of endotoxin by an intracellular agent from rabbit liver. J. Infect. Dis. 110: 135.
Ulevitch, R. J., Johnston, A. R. and Weinstein, D. B., 1981, New function for high density lipoproteins. Isolation and characterization of a bacterial lipopolysaccharide-high density lipoprotein complex formed in rabbit plasma. J. Clin. Invest. 67: 827.
Yoshioka, M. and Konno, S., 1970, Characteristics of endotoxin-altering fractions derived from normal serum. III. Isolation and properties of horse serum a2-macroglobulin. Infect. Immunol. 1: 431.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Freudenberg, M., Galanos, C. (1990). Metabolic Fate of Endotoxin in Rat. In: Friedman, H., Klein, T.W., Nakano, M., Nowotny, A. (eds) Endotoxin. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 256. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5140-6_44
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5140-6_44
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5142-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5140-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive