Skip to main content

Metabolic Fate of Endotoxin in Rat

  • Chapter
Endotoxin

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 256))

Abstract

Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) of gram-negative bacteria induce numerous biological activities which, depending on concentration of endotoxin and reactivity of the host may be either harmful or beneficial (for review see 12, 23). The pathophysiological effects of endotoxin drew much attention in the past and classical endotoxin activities like pyrogenicity, leucopenia or Shwartzman reaction were studied extensively. On the other hand, questions concerning the endotoxin itself, its pathway through the organism and its ultimate fate drew little attention and remained virtually unexplored. Thus for many years it was generally believed that the organism possesses mechanisms for detoxifying endotoxin (1, 3, 17–19, 22, 30–34, 36). Evidence for this, however, was never presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bertok, L., 1980, Role of bile in detoxification of lipopolysaccharide, in: “Microbiology,” D. Schlesinger, ed., Am. Soc. Microbiol., Washington D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Chedid, L., Parant, F., Parant, M. and Boyer, F., 1966, Localization and fate of 51Cr-labeled somatic antigens of smooth and rough Salmonellae. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 133: 712.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Farrar, W. E., Jr. and Corwin, L. M., 1966, The essential role of the liver in detoxification of endotoxin. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 133: 668.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Freudenberg, M. A., Brig-Hansen, T. C., Back, U. and Galanos, C., 1980, Interaction of lipopolysaccharides with plasma high-density lipoprotein in rats. Infect. Immun. 28: 373.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Freudenberg, M. A., Kleine, B. and Galanos, C., 1984, The fate of lipopolysaccharide in rats: evidence for chemical alteration in the molecule. Rev. Infect. Dis. 6: 483.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Freudenberg, M. A. and Galanos, C., The metabolic fate of endotoxins, in: “Bacterial Endotoxins: Pathophysiological effects, clinical significance and pharmacological control,” A. R. Liss, Inc., New York, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Freudenberg, M. A., Big-Hansen, T. C., Back, U., Jirillo, E. and Galanos, C., 1980, Interaction of lipopolysaccharides with plasma high density lipoprotein in rats, in: D. Eaker and T. Wadstrom, eds., Natural Toxins, Pergamon Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Freudenberg, M. A. and Galanos, C., 1985, Alterations in rats in vivo of the chemical structure of lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella abortus equi. Eur. J. Biochem. 152: 353.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Freudenberg, M. A., Freudenberg, N. and Galanos, C., 1982, Time course of cellular distribution of endotoxin in liver, lungs and kidneys of rats. Br. J. Exp. Path. 63: 56.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Freudenberg, N., Freudenberg, M. A., Bandara, K. and Galanos, C., 1985, Distribution and localization of endotoxin in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and in the main vessels of the rat during shock. Path. Res. Pract. 179: 517.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Freudenberg, N., Freudenberg, M. A., Guzman, J., Mittermayer, C., Bandara, K. and Galanos, C., 1984, Identification of endotoxin-positive cells in the rat lung during shock. Virchows Arch [Pathol. Anat.] 404: 197.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Galanos, C., Luderitz, 0., Rietschel, E. T. and Westphal, 0., 1977, Newer aspects of the chemistry and biology of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, with special reference to their lipid A component. Intern. Rev. Biochem., Biochemistry of Lipids II 14: 239.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Galanos, C. and Luderitz, O., 1975, Electrodialysis of lipopolysaccharides and their conversion to uniform salt forms. Eur. J. Biochem. 54: 603.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Galanos, C., Luderitz, 0. and Westphal, 0., 1979, Preparation and properties of a standardized lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella abortus equi (Novo-Pyrexal). Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. 243: 226.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Goldman, R. C. and Leive, L., 1980, Heterogeneity of antigenic-sidechain length in lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 0111 and Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Eur. J. Biochem. 107: 145.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hofman, J. and Dlabac, V., 1974, The role of lipid A in phagocytosis of gram-negative bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides. J. Hyg.Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 18: 447.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Johnson, K. J. and Ward, P. A., 1972, The requirement for serum complement in the detoxification of bacterial endotoxin. J. Immunol. 108: 611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Johnson, K. J., Ward, P. A., Goralnick, S. and Osborn, M. J., 1977, Isolation from human serum of an inactivator of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Am. J. Pathol. 88: 559.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Keene, W. R., Landy, M. and Shear, M. J., 1961, Inactivation of endotoxin by a humoral component. VII. Enzymatic degradation of endotoxin by blood plasma. J. Clin. Invest. 40: 302.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kleine, B., Freudenberg, M. A. and Galanos, C., 1985, Excreti n of radioactivity in faeces and urine of rats injected with 3H, i’C- lipopolysaccharide. Br. J. Exp. Path. 66: 303.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Mathison, J. C. and Ulevitch, R. J., 1979, The clearance, tissue distribution, and cellular localization of intravenously injected lipopolysaccharide in rabbits. J. Immunol. 123: 2133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. May, J. E., Kane, M. A. and Frank, M. M., 1972, Host defense against bacterial endotoxemia - contribution of the early and late components of complement to detoxification of bacterial endotoxin. J. Immunol. 109: 893.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Morrison, D. C. and Ulevitch, R. J., 1978, The effects of bacterial endotoxins on host mediation systems. Am. J. Pathol. 93: 527.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Morrison, D. C. and Kline, L. F., 1977, Activation of the classical and properidin pathways of complement by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). J. Immunol. 118: 362.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Munford, R. S., Andersen, J. M. and Dietschy, J. M., 1981, Sites of tissue binding and uptake in vivo of bacterial lipopolysaccharide-high density lipoprotein complexes. Studies in the rat and squirrel monkey. J. Clin. Invest. 68: 1503.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Neter, E., Westphal, 0., Luderitz, 0., Gorzynski, E. A. and Eichenberger, E., 1956, Studies of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides. Effects of heat and chemicals on erythrocytes-modifying, antigenic, toxic, and pyrogenic properties. J. Immunol. 76: 377.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Niwa, M., Milner, K. C., Ribi, E. and Rudbach, J. A., 1969, Alteration of physical, chemical and biological properties of endotoxin by treatment with mild alkali. J. Bacteriol. 97: 1069.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Palva, T. and Mäkelä, H., 1980, Lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity in Salmonella typhimurium analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eur. J. Biochem. 107: 137.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ramadori, G., Hopf, U., Galanos, C., Freudenberg, M. A. and Meyer zum Büschenfelde, K. H., 1980, In vitro and in vivo reactivity of lipopolysaccharides and lipid A with parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells in mice, in: “The reticuloendothelial system and the pathogenesis of liver disease,” H. Liehr and M. Grün, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, North Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Rudbach, J. A., Anacker, R. L., Haskins, W. T., Johnson, A. G., Milner, K. C. and Ribi, E., 1966, Physical aspects of reversible inactivation of endotoxin. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 133: 629.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Rutenburg, S. H., Smith, E. E., Rutenburg, A. M. and Fine, J., 1961, Degradation of endotoxin by splenic extracts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 142.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Skarnes, R., Rutenburg, S. and Fine, J., 1968, Fractionation of an esterase from calf spleen implicated in the detoxification of bacterial endotoxin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 128: 75.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Skarnes, R. C., 1970, Host defense against bacterial endotoxemia: mechanism in normal animals. J. Exp. Med. 132: 300.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Trapani, R. J., Waravdekar, V. S., Landy, M. and Shear, M. J., 1961, In vitro inactivation of endotoxin by an intracellular agent from rabbit liver. J. Infect. Dis. 110: 135.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ulevitch, R. J., Johnston, A. R. and Weinstein, D. B., 1981, New function for high density lipoproteins. Isolation and characterization of a bacterial lipopolysaccharide-high density lipoprotein complex formed in rabbit plasma. J. Clin. Invest. 67: 827.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Yoshioka, M. and Konno, S., 1970, Characteristics of endotoxin-altering fractions derived from normal serum. III. Isolation and properties of horse serum a2-macroglobulin. Infect. Immunol. 1: 431.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Freudenberg, M., Galanos, C. (1990). Metabolic Fate of Endotoxin in Rat. In: Friedman, H., Klein, T.W., Nakano, M., Nowotny, A. (eds) Endotoxin. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 256. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5140-6_44

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5140-6_44

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5142-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5140-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics