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Melanoma pp 1–16Cite as

Prevention of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma

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Abstract

The disease burden associated with melanoma continues to be a significant public health problem. The main modifiable risk factor for cutaneous melanoma is exposure to ultraviolet radiation, whether from the sun or artificial sources such as tanning sunbeds. Here we discuss the evidence for primary prevention and early detection of melanoma, commencing with an historical account of early skin cancer prevention programs and tools such as the Solar UV Index.

At a population level, there is sufficient evidence to support multicomponent, community-wide skin cancer prevention interventions (such as mass media campaigns, environmental and legislative interventions) and those that target certain settings. Legislative controls that restrict access to artificial tanning sunbeds can be effective in reducing the number of visitations by young people, thus reducing their risk of melanoma. Considering behavioral strategies, there is a lack of high-quality evidence for the effectiveness of recommendations to seek shade, cover exposed skin with clothing, wear a hat and sunglasses, and to regularly apply sunscreen with a SPF of 15 or higher when outdoors in the sun; however, this is largely due to limitations of the available epidemiological data. There is also lack of evidence that mass screening programs reduce mortality and medical costs due to melanoma, which are important principles of any population-based screening program. Globally, most skin cancer detection guidelines encourage regular self-examination, together with education regarding sun protection and whole body skin examination by a clinician in the presence of any change or concern.

In summary, there is reasonable evidence to suggest that reducing melanoma incidence through evidence-based prevention and early detection interventions is not only likely to be effective in reducing the risk of melanoma at a population level but will also be cost-effective. In Australia, where skin cancer prevention programs were established in the 1980s, melanoma incidence is now declining among younger adults, which most likely reflects changing patterns of sun exposure and the success of primary prevention efforts in recent decades. At a time when the cost of treating melanoma is likely to increase significantly in coming years, now is the time to make the necessary investments to reduce the growing and significant human and financial burden of melanoma into the future.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Craig Sinclair & Anna Nicholson

  2. Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia

    Louise F. Wilson & Catherine Olsen

  3. School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

    Catherine Olsen

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  1. Craig Sinclair
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  2. Louise F. Wilson
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  3. Catherine Olsen
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  4. Anna Nicholson
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Correspondence to Craig Sinclair .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Harvard/MGH Cutaneous Biology Research C Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David E. Fisher

  2. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

    Boris C. Bastian

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Dermatology, Harvard/MGH Cutaneous Biology Research Center, and Melanoma Program, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    David E. Fisher M.D.

  2. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia

    Nick Hayward

  3. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia

    David C. Whiteman

  4. Henri and Belinda Termeer Center for Targeted Therapies, MGH Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA

    Keith T. Flaherty

  5. Framingham, MA, USA

    F. Stephen Hodi M.D.

  6. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA

    F. Stephen Hodi M.D.

  7. Auburndale, MA, USA

    Hensin Tsao

  8. Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Hensin Tsao

  9. Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Glenn Merlino Ph.D.

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Sinclair, C., Wilson, L.F., Olsen, C., Nicholson, A. (2018). Prevention of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. In: Fisher, D., Bastian, B. (eds) Melanoma. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7322-0_34-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7322-0_34-1

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7322-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7322-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

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