Skip to main content

Management of Locally and Regionally Recurrent Melanoma

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Melanoma

Abstract

Locally and regionally recurrent melanoma is a recurrence at the site of primary disease, the regional draining lymph node basin, or in between, described as satellite or in-transit metastases. Close follow-up of melanoma patients is merited as most recurrence is diagnosed from a physical exam. Adjunct imaging is important to determine the extent of disease and to rule out distant metastases. The treatment options for locoregional recurrent melanoma include: surgery, intra-arterial regional therapy, intralesional and topical therapies, radiation and systemic therapies. Factors such as time to recurrence, previous treatments, patient age, recurrence size, location and number should be considered to determine the best treatment option or sequence of options. Patients with melanoma recurrence should be discussed in a multidisciplinary tumor board especially as treatment options continue to develop and evolve.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agarwala SS, Neuberg D, Park Y, Kirkwood JM (2004) Mature results of a phase III randomized trial of Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) versus observation and BCG plus dacarbazine versus BCG in the adjuvant therapy of American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I–III melanoma (E1673). Cancer 100(8):1692–1698

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwala SS, Thompson JF, Smithers BM, Ross MI, Coventry BJ, Minor DR et al (2010) Chemoablation of metastatic melanoma with rose bengal (PV-10). J Clin Oncol 28(15_suppl):8534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwala SS, Thompson JF, Smithers BM, Ross MI, Scoggins CR, Coventry BJ et al (2014) Efficacy of intralesional Rose Bengal in patients receiving injection of all existing melanoma in phase II study PV-10-MM-02. J Clin Oncol 32(15_suppl):9027

    Google Scholar 

  • Agarwala SS (2015) Intralesional therapy for advanced melanoma: promise and limitation. Curr Opin Oncol 27(2):151–156

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwala SS, Ross M Zager JS, Essner R, Shirai K, Smithers BM, Atkinson V, Wachter E (2017) Preliminary results of a Phase 1b/2 study of PV-10 and pembrolizumab in Stage IV melanoma. In: World Congress of Melanoma/Society for Melanoma Research Congress, Brisbane, 18 Oct 2017

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal S, Kane JM, Guadagnolo BA, Kraybill WG, Ballo MT (2009) The benefits of adjuvant radiation therapy after therapeutic lymphadenectomy for clinically advanced, high-risk, lymph node-metastatic melanoma. Cancer 115(24):5836–5844

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amaria RN, Prieto PA, Tetzlaff MT, Reuben A, Andrews MC, Ross MI, Glitza IC, Cormier J, Hwu WJ, Tawbi HA, Patel SP (2018) Neoadjuvant plus adjuvant dabrafenib and trametinib versus standard of care in patients with high-risk, surgically resectable melanoma: a single-centre, open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 19(2):181–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amin MD et al (2017) AJCC cancer staging manual, 8th edn. Springer, Chicago

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Aloia TA, Grubbs E, Onaitis M, Mosca PJ, Cheng T-Y, Seigler H et al (2005) Predictors of outcome after hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion: role of tumor response. Arch Surg 140(11):1115–1120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andtbacka RH, Kaufman HL, Collichio F, Amatruda T, Senzer N, Chesney J et al (2015) Talimogene laherparepvec improves durable response rate in patients with advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol 33(25):2780–2788

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andtbacka RHI, Ross M, Puzanov I, Milhem M, Collichio F, Delman KA et al (2016) Patterns of clinical response with talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) in patients with melanoma treated in the OPTiM phase III clinical trial. Ann Surg Oncol 23(13):4169–4177

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ascierto PA, Kirkwood JM, Grob J-J, Simeone E, Grimaldi AM, Maio M et al (2012) The role of BRAF V600 mutation in melanoma. J Transl Med 10(1):85

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aukema TS, ValdĂ©s Olmos RA, Wouters MWJM, Klop WMC, Kroon BBR, Vogel WV et al (2010) Utility of preoperative18F-FDG PET/CT and brain MRI in melanoma patients with palpable lymph node metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 17(10):2773–2778

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balch CM, S-J S, Gershenwald JE, Thompson JF, Coit DG, Atkins MB et al (2013) Age as a prognostic factor in patients with localized melanoma and regional metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 20(12):3961–3968

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett EK, Gupta M, Datta J, Gimotty PA, Guerry D, Xu X et al (2014) Prognosis of patients with melanoma and microsatellitosis undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy. Ann Surg Oncol 21(3):1016–1023

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bastiaannet E, Wobbes T, Hoekstra OS, EJvd J, Brouwers AH, Koelemij R et al (2009) Prospective comparison of [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography in patients with melanoma with palpable lymph node metastases: diagnostic accuracy and impact on treatment. J Clin Oncol 27(28):4774–4780

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beasley G, Tyler D (2015) In-transit melanoma metastases: incidence, prognosis, and the role of lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 22(2):358–360

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beasley GM, Petersen RP, Yoo J, McMahon N, Aloia T, Petros W et al (2008) Isolated limb infusion for in-transit malignant melanoma of the extremity: a well-tolerated but less effective alternative to hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion. Ann Surg Oncol 15(8):2195–2205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beasley GM, Caudle A, Petersen RP, McMahon NS, Padussis J, Mosca PJ et al (2009) A multi-institutional experience of isolated limb infusion: defining response and toxicity in the US. J Am Coll Surg 208(5):706–715

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beasley GM, Speicher P, Sharma K, Seigler H, Salama A, Mosca P et al (2014) Efficacy of repeat sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients who develop recurrent melanoma. J Am Coll Surg 218(4):686–692

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bedikian AY, Del Vecchio M (2008) Allovectin-7 therapy in metastatic melanoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 8(6):839–844

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bedikian AY, Richards J, Kharkevitch D, Atkins MB, Whitman E, Gonzalez R (2010) A phase 2 study of high-dose Allovectin-7 in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res 20(3):218–226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum A, Schlagenhauff B, Stroebel W, Breuninger H, Rassner G, Garbe C (2000) Ultrasound examination of regional lymph nodes significantly improves early detection of locoregional metastases during the follow-up of patients with cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 88(11):2534–2539

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum A, Schmid-Wendtner MH, Mauss-Kiefer V, Eberle JY, Kuchelmeister C, Dill-Muller D (2006) Ultrasound mapping of lymph node and subcutaneous metastases in patients with cutaneous melanoma: results of a prospective multicenter study. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 212(1):47–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bong AB, Bonnekoh B, Franke I, Schön MP, Ulrich J, Gollnick H (2002) Imiquimod, a topical immune response modifier, in the treatment of cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 205(2):135–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burmeister BH, Henderson MA, Ainslie J, Fisher R, Di Iulio J, Smithers BM et al (2012) Adjuvant radiotherapy versus observation alone for patients at risk of lymph-node field relapse after therapeutic lymphadenectomy for melanoma: a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 13(6):589–597

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chai CY, Deneve JL, Beasley GM, Marzban SS, Chen YA, Rawal B et al (2012) A multi-institutional experience of repeat regional chemotherapy for recurrent melanoma of extremities. Ann Surg Oncol 19(5):1637–1643

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen MH, Elin RJ, Cohen BJ (1991) Hypotension and disseminated intravascular coagulation following intralesional bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for locally metastatic melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 32(5):315–324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coit DG, Thompson JA, Algazi A, Andtbacka R, Bichakjian CK, Carson WE, et al (2018) NCCN guidelines insights. Melanoma, Version 2. 2018. Available from: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/melanoma.pdf

  • Cormier JN, Xing Y, Feng L, Huang X, Davidson L, Gershenwald JE et al (2006) Metastatic melanoma to lymph nodes in patients with unknown primary sites. Cancer 106(9):2012–2020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cornett WR, McCall LM, Petersen RP, Ross MI, Briele HA, Noyes RD et al (2006) Randomized multicenter trial of hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion with melphalan alone compared with melphalan plus tumor necrosis factor: American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Trial Z0020. J Clin Oncol 24(25):4196–4201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coventry BJ, Chatterton B, Whitehead F, James C, Gill PG (2004) Sentinel lymph node dissection and lymphatic mapping for local subcutaneous recurrence in melanoma treatment: longer-term follow-up results. Ann Surg Oncol 11:203S–207S

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creech O Jr, Krementz E, Ryan RF, Winblad JN (1958) Chemotherapy of cancer: regional perfusion utilizing an extracorporeal circuit. Ann Surg 148(4):616

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dalal KM, Patel A, Brady MS, Jaques DP, Coit DG (2007) Patterns of first-recurrence and post-recurrence survival in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma after sentinel lymph node biopsy. Ann Surg Oncol 14(6):1934–1942

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damian DL, Thompson JF (2007) Treatment of extensive cutaneous metastatic melanoma with topical diphencyprone. J Am Acad Dermatol 56(5):869–871

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damian DL, Saw RP, Thompson JF (2014) Topical immunotherapy with diphencyprone for in transit and cutaneously metastatic melanoma. J Surg Oncol 109(4):308–313

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deneve JL, Turaga KK, Marzban SS, Puleo CA, Sarnaik AA, Gonzalez RJ et al (2013) Single institution outcome experience using AlloDerm® as temporary coverage or definitive reconstruction for cutaneous and soft tissue malignancy defects. Am Surg 79(5):476–482

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dong XD, Tyler D, Johnson JL, DeMatos P, Seigler HF (2000) Analysis of prognosis and disease progression after local recurrence of melanoma. Cancer 88(5):1063–1071

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dossett LA, Ben-Shabat I, Bagge RO, Zager JS (2016) Clinical response and regional toxicity following isolated limb infusion compared with isolated limb perfusion for in-transit melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 23(7):2330–2335

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eggermont AM, Schraffordt Koops H, Klausner JM, Kroon BB, Schlag PM, Lienard D et al (1996) Isolated limb perfusion with tumor necrosis factor and melphalan for limb salvage in 186 patients with locally advanced soft tissue extremity sarcomas. The cumulative multicenter European experience. Ann Surg 224(6):756–764. discussion 64-5

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eggermont AM, Chiarion-Sileni V, Grob J-J, Dummer R, Wolchok JD, Schmidt H et al (2015) Adjuvant ipilimumab versus placebo after complete resection of high-risk stage III melanoma (EORTC 18071): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 16(5):522–530

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eggermont AMM, Chiarion-Sileni V, Grob J-J, Dummer R, Wolchok JD, Schmidt H et al (2016) Prolonged survival in stage III melanoma with ipilimumab adjuvant therapy. N Engl J Med 375(19):1845–1855

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falchook GS, Lewis KD, Infante JR, Gordon MS, Vogelzang NJ, DeMarini DJ et al (2012) Activity of the oral MEK inhibitor trametinib in patients with advanced melanoma: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Lancet Oncol 13(8):782–789

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faries MB, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ, Andtbacka RH, Mozzillo N, Zager JS et al (2017) Completion dissection or observation for sentinel-node metastasis in melanoma. N Engl J Med 376(23):2211–2222

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Flaherty KT, Robert C, Hersey P, Nathan P, Garbe C, Milhem M et al (2012a) Improved survival with MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med 367(2):107–114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flaherty KT, Infante JR, Daud A, Gonzalez R, Kefford RF, Sosman J et al (2012b) Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in melanoma with BRAF V600 mutations. N Engl J Med 367(18):1694–1703

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Florin V, Desmedt E, Vercambre-Darras S, Mortier L (2012) Topical treatment of cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma using combined imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil. Investig New Drugs 30(4):1641–1645

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraker DL (1999) Hyperthermic regional perfusion for melanoma and sarcoma of the limbs. Curr Probl Surg 36(11):842–908

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraker DL (2004) Management of in-transit melanoma of the extremity with isolated limb perfusion. Curr Treat Options in Oncol 5(3):173–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraker DL, Alexander HR, Andrich M, Rosenberg SA (1996) Treatment of patients with melanoma of the extremity using hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion with melphalan, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon gamma: results of a tumor necrosis factor dose-escalation study. J Clin Oncol 14(2):479–489

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francken AB, Accortt NA, Shaw HM, Wiener M, S-J S, Hoekstra HJ et al (2008) Prognosis and determinants of outcome following locoregional or distant recurrence in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 15(5):1476–1484

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gangi A, Zager JS (2017) The safety of talimogene laherparepvec for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Expert Opin Drug Saf 16(2):265–269

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gimbel MI, Delman KA, Zager JS (2008) Therapy for unresectable recurrent and in-transit extremity melanoma. Cancer Control 15(3):225–232

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • GrĂĽnhagen DJ, van Etten B, Brunstein F, Graveland WJ, van Geel AN, de Wilt JH et al (2005) Efficacy of repeat isolated limb perfusions with tumor necrosis factor α and melphalan for multiple in-transit metastases in patients with prior isolated limb perfusion failure. Ann Surg Oncol 12(8):609–615

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodi FS, O’day SJ, McDermott DF, Weber RW, Sosman JA, Haanen JB et al (2010) Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 2010(363):711–723

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong NJL, Petrella T, Chan K (2015) Cost-effectiveness analysis of staging strategies in patients with regionally metastatic melanoma. J Surg Oncol 111(4):423–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu JC, Coffin RS, Davis CJ, Graham NJ, Groves N, Guest PJ et al (2006) A phase I study of OncoVEXGM-CSF, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Cancer Res 12(22):6737–6747

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DB, Flaherty KT, Weber JS, Infante JR, Kim KB, Kefford RF et al (2014) Combined BRAF (dabrafenib) and MEK inhibition (trametinib) in patients with BRAF V600-mutant melanoma experiencing progression with single-agent BRAF inhibitor. J Clin Oncol 32(33):3697–3704

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karakousis CP, Balch CM, Urist MM, Ross MM, Smith TJ, Bartolucci AA (1996) Local recurrence in malignant melanoma: long-term results of the multinstitutional randomized surgical trial. Ann Surg Oncol 3(5):446–452

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroon BB, Noorda EM, Vrouenraets BC, Nieweg OE (2002) Isolated limb perfusion for melanoma. J Surg Oncol 79(4):252–255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroon HM, Moncrieff M, Kam PCA, Thompson JF (2008) Outcomes following isolated limb infusion for melanoma. A 14-year experience. Ann Surg Oncol 15(11):3003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroon HM, Lin DY, Kam PC, Thompson JF (2009) Efficacy of repeat isolated limb infusion with melphalan and actinomycin D for recurrent melanoma. Cancer 115(9):1932–1940

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroon HM, Coventry BJ, Giles MH, Henderson MA, Speakman D, Wall M et al (2016) Australian multicenter study of isolated limb infusion for melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 23(4):1096–1103

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin J, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, Grob JJ, Cowey CL, Lao CD et al (2015) Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma. N Engl J Med 2015(373):23–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CC, Faries MB, Wanek LA, Morton DL (2008) Improved survival after lymphadenectomy for nodal metastasis from an unknown primary melanoma. J Clin Oncol 26(4):535–541

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leiter U, Stadler R, Mauch C, Hohenberger W, Brockmeyer N, Berking C et al (2016) Complete lymph node dissection versus no dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node biopsy positive melanoma (DeCOG-SLT): a multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 17(6):757–767

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leon P, Daly JM, Synnestvedt M, Schultz DJ, Elder DE, Clark WH (1991) The prognostic implications of microscopic satellites in patients with clinical stage I melanoma. Arch Surg 126(12):1461–1468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lienard D, Eggermont A, Schraffordt KH, Kroon B, Rosenkaimer F, Autier P et al (1994) Isolated perfusion of the limb with high-dose tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and melphalan for melanoma stage III. Results of a multi-Centre pilot study. Melanoma Res 4:21–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lienard D, Eggermont A, Koops HS, Kroon B, Towse G, Hiemstra S et al (1999) Isolated limb perfusion with tumour necrosis factor-[alpha] and melphalan with or without interferon-[gamma]; for the treatment of in-transit melanoma metastases: a multicentre randomized phase II study. Melanoma Res 9(5):491–502

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long GV, Menzies AM, Nagrial AM, Haydu LE, Hamilton AL, Mann GJ et al (2011) Prognostic and clinicopathologic associations of oncogenic BRAF in metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 29(10):1239–1246

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Long GV, Stroyakovskiy D, Gogas H, Levchenko E, de Braud F, Larkin J et al (2014) Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition versus BRAF inhibition alone in melanoma. N Engl J Med 371(20):1877–1888

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long GV, Dummer R, Ribas A, Puzanov I, Michielin O, VanderWalde A et al (2015) Safety data from the phase 1b part of the MASTERKEY-265 study combining talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and pembrolizumab for unresectable stage IIIB-IV melanoma. Eur J Cancer 51:S722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long GV, Hauschild A, Santinami M, Atkinson V, MandalĂ  M, Chiarion-Sileni V et al (2017) Adjuvant dabrafenib plus trametinib in stage III BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med 377(19):1813–1823

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luu C, Khushalani NI, Zager JS (2016) Intralesional and systemic immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 16(12):1491–1499

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald J, Dueck AC, RJ G (2011) Malignant melanoma in the elderly: different regional disease and poorer prognosis. J Cancer 2:538–543

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McMasters KM, Chao C, Wong SL, Wrightson WR, Ross MI, Reintgen DS et al (2002) Interval sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma. Arch Surg 137(5):543–547; discussion 7-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meier F, Will S, Ellwanger U, Schlagenhauff B, Schittek B, Rassner G et al (2002) Metastatic pathways and time courses in the orderly progression of cutaneous melanoma. Br J Dermatol 147(1):62–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Möller MG, Lewis JM, Dessureault S, Zager JS (2008) Toxicities associated with hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion and isolated limb infusion in the treatment of melanoma and sarcoma. Int J Hyperth 24(3):275–289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore Dalal K, Zhou Q, Panageas KS, Brady MS, Jaques DP, Coit DG (2008) Methods of detection of first recurrence in patients with stage I/II primary cutaneous melanoma after sentinel lymph node biopsy. Ann Surg Oncol 15(8):2206–2214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morton DL, Eilber FR, Holmes EC, Hunt JS, Ketcham AS, Silverstein MJ et al (1974) BCG immunotherapy of malignant melanoma: summary of a seven-year experience. Ann Surg 180(4):635

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muilenburg DJ, Beasley GM, Thompson ZJ, Lee J-H, Tyler DS, Zager JS (2015) Burden of disease predicts response to isolated limb infusion with melphalan and actinomycin D in melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 22(2):482–488

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noorda E, Vrouenraets B, Nieweg O, Van Geel A, Eggermont A, Kroon B (2002) Safety and efficacy of isolated limb perfusion in elderly melanoma patients. Ann Surg Oncol 9(10):968–974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noorda EM, Vrouenraets BC, Nieweg OE, van Geel BN, Eggermont AM, Kroon BB (2004) Isolated limb perfusion for unresectable melanoma of the extremities. Arch Surg 139(11):1237–1242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norman J, Cruse CW, Espinosa C, Cox C, Berman C, Clark R et al (1991) Redefinition of cutaneous lymphatic drainage with the use of lymphoscintigraphy for malignant melanoma. Am J Surg 162(5):432–437

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donoghue C, Danielle Hardman SS, Mullinax JE, Perez M, Naqvi SMH, Kim Y, Zager JS (2017a) Isolated limb infusion: a single-center experience with 200 infusions. In: Regional Cancer Therapies 12th International Symposium, Snowbird

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donoghue C, Perez MC, Mullinax JE, Hardman D, Sileno S, Naqvi SMH et al (2017b) Isolated limb infusion: a single-center experience with over 200 infusions. Ann Surg Oncol 24(13):3842–3849

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pidhorecky I, Lee RJ, Proulx G, Kollmorgen DR, Jia C, Driscoll DL et al (2001) Risk factors for nodal recurrence after lymphadenectomy for melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 8(2):109–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puzanov I, Milhem MM, Minor D, Hamid O, Li A, Chen L et al (2016) Talimogene laherparepvec in combination with ipilimumab in previously untreated, unresectable stage IIIB-IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol 34(22):2619–2626

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radny P, Caroli U, Bauer J, Paul T, Schlegel C, Eigentler T et al (2003) Phase II trial of intralesional therapy with interleukin-2 in soft-tissue melanoma metastases. Br J Cancer 89(9):1620–1626

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rashid OM, Sloot S, Zager JS (2014) Regional therapy in metastatic melanoma: an update on minimally invasive intraarterial isolated limb infusion and percutaneous hepatic perfusion. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 10(10):1355–1364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond AK, Beasley GM, Broadwater G, Augustine CK, Padussis JC, Turley R et al (2011) Current trends in regional therapy for melanoma: lessons learned from 225 regional chemotherapy treatments between 1995 and 2010 at a single institution. J Am Coll Surg 213(2):306–316

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Read RL, Stalley P, Thompson JF (2015a) The contemporary role of major amputation in the management of advanced limb melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 22(12):4067–4072

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Read RL, Haydu L, Saw RPM, Quinn MJ, Shannon K, Spillane AJ et al (2015b) In-transit melanoma metastases: incidence, prognosis, and the role of lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 22(2):475–481

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt MJ, Joe AY, Jaeger U, Huber A, Matthies A, Bucerius J et al (2006) Diagnostic performance of whole body dual modality18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for N-and M-staging of malignant melanoma: experience with 250 consecutive patients. J Clin Oncol 24(7):1178–1187

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribas A, Puzanov I, Gajewski T, Long GV, Dummer R, Kirkwood JM et al (2015) A multicenter, open-label trial of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) plus pembrolizumab vs pembrolizumab monotherapy in previously untreated, unresected, stage IIIB-IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol 33(15_suppl):TPS9081

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridolfi L, Ridolfi R, Ascari-Raccagni A, Fabbri M, Casadei S, Gatti A et al (2001) Intralesional granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor followed by subcutaneous interleukin-2 in metastatic melanoma: a pilot study in elderly patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 15(3):218–223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robert C, Karaszewska B, Schachter J, Rutkowski P, Mackiewicz A, Stroiakovski D et al (2015) Improved overall survival in melanoma with combined dabrafenib and trametinib. N Engl J Med 372(1):30–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson JC (1977) Risks of BCG intralesional therapy: an experience with melanoma. J Surg Oncol 9(6):587–593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santillan AA, Delman KA, Beasley GM, Mosca PJ, Hochwald SN, Grobmyer SR et al (2009) Predictive factors of regional toxicity and serum creatine phosphokinase levels after isolated limb infusion for melanoma: a multi-institutional analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 16(9):2570–2578

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarnaik A, Crago G, Liu H, Kodumudi KN, Weber A, McCardle T et al (2014) Assessment of immune and clinical efficacy after intralesional PV-10 in injected and uninjected metastatic melanoma lesions. J Clin Oncol 32(15_suppl):9028

    Google Scholar 

  • Schellinger PD, Meinck HM, Thron A (1999) Diagnostic accuracy of MRI compared to CCT in patients with brain metastases. J Neuro-Oncol 44(3):275–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schön MP, Wienrich BG, Drewniok C, Bong AB, Eberle J, Geilen CC et al (2004) Death receptor-independent apoptosis in malignant melanoma induced by the small-molecule immune response modifier imiquimod. J Investig Dermatol 122(5):1266–1276

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Si Z, Hersey P, Coates AS (1996) Clinical responses and lymphoid infiltrates in metastatic melanoma following treatment with intralesional GM-CSF. Melanoma Res 6(3):247–255

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sloot S, Zager JS, Kudchadkar RR, Messina JL, Benedict JJ, Gonzalez RJ et al (2016) BRAF inhibition for advanced locoregional BRAF V600E mutant melanoma: a potential neoadjuvant strategy. Melanoma Res 26(1):83–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solivetti F, Sidozzi ADL, Pirozzi G, Coscarella G, Brigida R, Eibenshutz L (2006) Sonographic evaluation of clinically occult in-transit and satellite metastases from cutaneous malignant melanoma. Radiol Med 111(5):702–708

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonneveld EJ, Vrouenraets BC, van Geel BN, Eggermont AM, Klaase JM, Nieweg OE et al (1996) Systemic toxicity after isolated limb perfusion with melphalan for melanoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 22(5):521–527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Speicher PJ, Meriwether CH, Tyler DS (2015) Regional therapies for in-transit disease. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 24(2):309–322

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Squires MH III, Delman KA (2013) Current treatment of locoregional recurrence of melanoma. Curr Oncol Rep 15(5):465–472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Statius Muller MG, van Leeuwen PA, van Diest PJ, Pijpers R, Nijveldt RJ, Vuylsteke RJ et al (2002) Pattern and incidence of first site recurrences following sentinel node procedure in melanoma patients. World J Surg 26(12):1405–1411

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strom T, Caudell JJ, Han D, Zager JS, Yu D, Cruse CW et al (2014) Radiotherapy influences local control in patients with desmoplastic melanoma. Cancer 120(9):1369–1378

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strom T, Torres-Roca JF, Parekh A, Naghavi AO, Caudell JJ, Oliver DE et al (2017) Regional radiation therapy impacts outcome for node-positive cutaneous melanoma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 15(4):473–482

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JF, Kam PC (2004) Isolated limb infusion for melanoma: a simple but effective alternative to isolated limb perfusion. J Surg Oncol 88(1):1–3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson J, Eksborg S, Kam P, Ingvar C, Yau D, Lai D et al (1996) Determinants of acute regional toxicity following isolated limb perfusion for melanoma. Melanoma Res 6(3):267–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JF, Kam PC, Waugh RC, Harman CR (eds) (1998) Isolated limb infusion with cytotoxic agents: a simple alternative to isolated limb perfusion. Semin Surg Oncol 14:238–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JF, Hersey P, Wachter E (2008) Chemoablation of metastatic melanoma using intralesional Rose Bengal. Melanoma Res 18(6):405–411

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JF, Agarwala SS, Smithers BM, Ross MI, Scoggins CR, Coventry BJ et al (2015) Phase 2 study of intralesional PV-10 in refractory metastatic melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 22(7):2135–2142

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomai MA, Gibson SJ, Imbertson LM, Miller RL, Myhre PE, Reiter MJ et al (1995) Immunomodulating and antiviral activities of the imidazoquinoline S-28463. Antivir Res 28(3):253–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ugurel S, Rohmel J, Ascierto PA, Flaherty KT, Grob JJ, Hauschild A et al (2017) Survival of patients with advanced metastatic melanoma: the impact of novel therapies-update 2017. Eur J Cancer 83:247–257

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vrouenraets BC, Hart GA, Eggermont AM, Klaase JM, van Geel BN, Nieweg OE et al (1999) Relation between limb toxicity and treatment outcomes after isolated limb perfusion for recurrent melanoma. J Am Coll Surg 188(5):522–530

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber J, Mandala M, Del Vecchio M, Gogas HJ, Arance AM, Cowey CL et al (2017) Adjuvant nivolumab versus ipilimumab in resected stage III or IV melanoma. N Engl J Med 377(19):1824–1835

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wieberdink J, Benckhuysen C, Braat R, Van Slooten E, Olthuis G (1982) Dosimetry in isolation perfusion of the limbs by assessment of perfused tissue volume and grading of toxic tissue reactions. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 18(10):905–910

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong J, Chen YA, Fisher KJ, Zager JS (2013) Isolated limb infusion in a series of over 100 infusions: a single-center experience. Ann Surg Oncol 20(4):1121–1127

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wong J, Chen YA, Fisher KJ, Beasley GM, Tyler DS, Zager JS (2014) Resection of residual disease after isolated limb infusion (ILI) is equivalent to a complete response after ILI-alone in advanced extremity melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 21(2):650–655

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xing Y, Bronstein Y, Ross MI, Askew RL, Lee JE, Gershenwald JE et al (2011) Contemporary diagnostic imaging modalities for the staging and surveillance of melanoma patients: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 103(2):129–142

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yao KA, Hsueh EC, Essner R, Foshag LJ, Wanek LA, Morton DL (2003) Is sentinel lymph node mapping indicated for isolated local and in-transit recurrent melanoma? Ann Surg 238(5):743–747

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vernon K. Sondak .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

O’Donoghue, C., Zager, J.S., Sondak, V.K. (2018). Management of Locally and Regionally Recurrent Melanoma. In: Fisher, D., Bastian, B. (eds) Melanoma. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7322-0_17-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7322-0_17-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7322-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7322-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics