Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Food Fortification and Health pp 95–103Cite as

Convenience Drinks Fortified with n-3 Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 2260 Accesses

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Abstract

Omega-3 or n-3 fatty acids are a family of essential fatty acids comprising, among others, alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Plant-derived alpha-linolenic acid has little, if any, cardiovascular benefit, and is poorly, if at all, converted to the longer-chain EPA, which, in turn, is not converted to DHA [1, 2]. Therefore, this review focuses on EPA and DHA.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

CrP:

C-reactive protein

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

ICAM:

Intercellular adhesion molecule

PAI-1:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

VCAM:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule

References

  1. von Schacky C. Omega-3 Index and cardiovascular disease prevention: principle and rationale. Lipid Technol. 2010;22:151–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. von Schacky C. The Omega-3 Index as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2011;96(1–4):94–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Koletzko B, Cetin I, Brenna JT, Perinatal Lipid Intake Working Group, Child Health Foundation, Diabetic Pregnancy Study Group, et al. Dietary fat intakes for pregnant and lactating women. Br J Nutr. 2007;98:873–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Nationale Verzehrstudie II. http://www.was-esse-ich.de/uploads/media/NVSII_Abschlussbericht_Teil_2.pdf

  5. Visioli F, Risè P, Plasmati E, Pazzucconi F, Sirtori CR, Galli C. Very low intakes of N-3 fatty acids incorporated into bovine milk reduce plasma triacylglycerol and increase HDL-cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects. Pharmacol Res. 2000;41:571–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Baró L, Fonollá J, Peña JL, Martínez-Férez A, Lucena A, Jiménez J, et al. n-3 Fatty acids plus oleic acid and vitamin supplemented milk consumption reduces total and LDL cholesterol, homocysteine and levels of endothelial adhesion molecules in healthy humans. Clin Nutr. 2003;22:175–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Carrero JJ, Baró L, Fonollá J, González-Santiago M, Martínez-Férez A, Castillo R, et al. Cardiovascular effects of milk enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid, folic acid, and vitamins E and B6 in volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia. Nutrition. 2004;20:521–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Carrero JJ, López-Huertas E, Salmerón LM, et al. Daily supplementation with (n-3) PUFAs, oleic acid, folic acid, and vitamins B-6 and E increases pain-free walking distance and improves risk factors in men with peripheral vascular disease. J Nutr. 2005;135:1393–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Carrero JJ, Fonollá J, Marti JL, et al. Intake of fish oil, oleic acid, folic acid, and vitamins B-6 and E for 1 year decreases plasma C-reactive protein and reduces coronary heart disease risk factors in male patients in a cardiac rehabilitation program. J Nutr. 2007;137:384–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Martin-Bautista E, Muñoz-Torres M, Fonolla J, Quesada M, Poyatos A, Lopez-Huertas E. Improvement of bone formation biomarkers after 1-year consumption with milk fortified with eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, oleic acid, and selected vitamins. Nutr Res. 2010;30:320–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Fujioka S, Hamazaki K, Itomura M, Huan M, Nishizawa H, Sawazaki S, et al. The effects of eicosapentaenoic acid-fortified food on inflammatory markers in healthy subjects—a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2006;52:261–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Osendarp SJ, Baghurst KI, Bryan J, Calvaresi E, Hughes D, Hussaini M, et al. Effect of a 12-mo micronutrient intervention on learning and memory in well-nourished and marginally nourished school-aged children: 2 parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled studies in Australia and Indonesia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:1082–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hawthorne KM, Abrams SA, Heird WC. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation of orange juice increases plasma phospholipid DHA content of children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109:708–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. García-Alonso FJ, Jorge-Vidal V, Ros G, Periago MJ. Effect of consumption of tomato juice enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the lipid profile, antioxidant biomarker status, and cardiovascular disease risk in healthy women. Eur J Nutr. 2012;51(4):415–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kirkhus B, Lamglait A, Eilertsen KE, Falch E, Haider T, Vik H, et al. Effects of similar intakes of marine n-3 fatty acids from enriched food products and fish oil on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2011 Sept 15:1–11. [Epub ahead of print].

    Google Scholar 

  16. McCowen KC, Ling PR, Ollero M, Tawa N, Bistrian BR. Effect of a fish oil-containing beverage on changes in plasma lipid fatty acids in patients with malabsorption. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25:517–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Köhler A, Bittner D, Löw A, von Schacky C. Effects of a convenience drink fortified with n-3 fatty acids on the n-3 index. Br J Nutr. 2010;104:729–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Begg C, Cho M, Eastwood S, Horton R, Moher D, Olkin I, et al. Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement. JAMA. 1996;276:637–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Neubronner J, Schuchardt P, Merkel M, Kressel G, von Schacky C, Hahn A. Enhanced increase of omega-3 index in response to long-term n-3 fatty acid supplementation from triacylglycerides versus ethyl esters. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;65:247–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Dyerberg J, Madsen P, Møller JM, Aardestrup I, Schmidt EB. Bioavailability of marine n-3 fatty acid formulations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2010;83:137–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Schuchardt JP, Schneider I, Meyer H, Neubronner J, von Schacky C, Hahn A. Incorporation of EPA and DHA into plasma phospholipids in response to different omega-3 fatty acid formulations—a comparative bioavailability study of fish oil vs. krill oil. Lipids Health Dis. 2011;10:145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Schuchardt JP, Neubronner J, Kressel G, Merkel M, von Schacky C, Hahn A. Moderate doses of EPA and DHA from re-esterified triacylglycerols but not from ethyl-esters lower fasting serum triacylglycerols in statin-treated dyslipidemic subjects: results from a six month randomized controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2011;85(6):381–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Haug IJ, Sagmo LB, Zeiss D, Olsen IC, Draget KI, Seternes T. Bioavailability of EPA and DHA delivered by gelled emulsions and by soft gel capsules. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 2011;113:137–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Harris WS, Von Schacky C. The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease? Prev Med. 2004;39:212–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik Innenstadt, Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Ziemssenstr 1, 80805, Munich, Germany

    Clemens von Schacky

Authors
  1. Clemens von Schacky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Clemens von Schacky .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, School of Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. University Hospital Lewisham, Department of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Kings College Hospital, London, SM68SU, United Kingdom

    Rajaventhan Srirajaskanthan

  3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

von Schacky, C. (2013). Convenience Drinks Fortified with n-3 Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review. In: Preedy, V., Srirajaskanthan, R., Patel, V. (eds) Handbook of Food Fortification and Health. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7110-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7110-3_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7109-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7110-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation