Skip to main content

Real-Time Collision Avoidance: Differential Game, Numerical Solution, and Synthesis of Strategies

  • Conference paper
Advances in Dynamic Games and Applications

Abstract

Contemporary developments of on-board systems for automatic or semiautomatic driving include car collision avoidance systems. For this purpose two approaches based on pursuit-evasion differential games are compared. On a freeway a correct driver (evader) is faced with a wrong-way driver (pursuer), i.e., a person driving on the wrong side of the road. The correct driver tries to avoid collision against all possible maneuvers of the wrong-way driver and additionally tries to stay on the freeway. The representation of the optimal collision avoidance behavior along many optimal paths is used to synthesize an optimal collision avoidance strategy by means of neural networks. Examples of simulations that prove a satisfactory performance of the real-time collision avoidance scheme are presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Anderson, J. A. An Introduction to Neural Networks. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Annema, A. J. Feedforward Neural Networks: Vector Decomposition Analysis, Modelling and Analog Implementation. Kluwer, Boston, MA, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Başar, T., and G. J. Olsder. Dynamic Noncooperative Game Theory. Academic Press, London, UK, 1982 and 1995 (2nd edition).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Blum, E. K., and L. K. Li. Approximation Theory and Feedforward Networks, Neural Networks, 4,1990.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Boulter, J., D. Maher, and M. F. Aburdene. Collision Avoidance Using Ultrasonic Waves. Report 17837, Bucknell University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Lewisburg, PA, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Breitner, M. H. Robust optimale Rückkopplungssteuerungen gegen unvorhersehbare Einflüsse: Differentialspielansatz, numerische Berechnung und Echtzeitapproximation. Ph.D. Thesis, VDI-Verlag, VDI Fortschritt-Bericht # 596, Reihe # 8 “Meß-, Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik”, Düsseldorf, Germany, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Breitner, M. H., and H. J. Pesch. Reentry Trajectory Optimization under Atmospheric Uncertainty as a Differential Game. Annals of the International Society of Dynamic Games, 1, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Breitner, M. H., H. J. Pesch, and W. Grimm. Complex Differential Games of Pursuit-Evasion Type with State Constraints, Necessary Conditions for Optimal Open-Loop Strategies (Part 1) and Numerical Computation of Optimal Open-Loop Strategies (Part 2). Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 78,1993.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Chini, C. Numerische Berechnung optimaler Ausweichmanöver mit einem Differentialspielansatz und Neuronalen Netzen. Diploma Thesis, Munich University of Technology, Mathematical Institute, Munich, Germany, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Gallant, S. I. Neural Network Learning and Expert Systems. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. Galperin, E. A. The Cubic Algorithm for Global Games with Application to Pursuit-evasion Games. Computers and Mathematics with Applications, 26, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Hautzinger, H., D. Heidemann, and B. Krämer. Fahrleistungserhebung 1990 - Inlandsfahrleistung und Kfz-Unfallrisiko in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (alte Bundesländer). Report of the Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen # M20, Wirtschaftsverlag NW/Verlag für neue Wissenschaft, Bremerhaven, Germany, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hautzinger, H., B. Tassaux-Becker, and R. Hamacher. Verkehrsunfallrisiko in Deutschland. Report of the Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen # M58, Wirtschaftsverlag NW/Verlag für neue Wissenschaft, Bremerhaven, Germany, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hornik, K. Approximation Capabilities of Multilayer Feedforward Networks. Neural Networks, 4, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hornik, K., M. Stinchcombe, and H. White. Multi-Layer Feedforward Networks are Universal Approximators. Neural Networks, 2, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Isaacs, R. P. Games of Pursuit. Paper # P-257. The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Isaacs, R. P. Differential Games I: Introduction. Differential Games II: The Definition and Formulation. Differential Games III: The Basic Principles of the Solution Process. Differential Games IV: Mainly Examples. Memoranda # RM-1391, # RM-1399, # RM-1411 and # RM-1486. The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, 1954/55.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Isaacs, R. P. Differential Games—A Mathematical Theory with Applications to Warfare and Pursuit, Control and Optimization. John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1965. Robert E. Krieger, Huntington, NY, 1975 (3rd edition).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. Kühnen, M. A., E. Brühning, and A. Schepers. Unfallgeschehen auf Autobahnen - Strukturuntersuchung. Report of the Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen # M50, Wirtschaftsverlag NW/Verlag für neue Wissenschaft, Bremerhaven, Germany, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Lachner, R. Echtzeitsynthese optimaler Strategien für Differentialspiele schneller Dynamik mit Anwendungen bei der Kollisionsvermeidung. Ph.D. Thesis, Clausthal University of Technology, Mathematical Institute, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lachner, R., M. H. Breitner, and H. J. Pesch. Optimal Strategies of a Complex Pursuit-Evasion Game. Journal of Computing and Information, 4, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lachner, R., M. H. Breitner, and H. J. Pesch. Three-Dimensional Air Combat Analysis—An Example for the Numerical Solution of Complex Differential Games. Annals of the International Society of Dynamic Games, 3, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Leshno, M., V. Y. Lin, A. Pinkus, and S. Schocken. Multilayer Feedforward Networks with a Nonpolynomial Activation Function Can Approximate Any Function. Neural Networks, 6, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Lewin, J. Differential Games: Theory and Methods for Solving Game Problems with Singular Surfaces. Springer, London, UK, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Merz, A. W. The Homicidal Chauffeur—A Differential Game. Ph.D. thesis, Report No. 94305, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Miloh, T. The Game of Two Elliptical Ships. Optimal Control Applications & Methods, 4, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Miloh, T., and S. D. Sharma. Maritime Collision Avoidance as a Differential Game. Schiffstechnik, 24, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Miloh, T., and M. Pachter. Ship Collision Avoidance and Pursuit-Evasion Differential Games with Speed-Loss in a Turn. Computers and Mathematics with Applications, 18, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Pachter, M., and T. Miloh. The Geometric Approach to the Construction of the Barrier Surface in Differential Games. Computers and Mathematics with Applications, 13, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Pesch, H. J., I. Gabier, S. Miesbach, and M. H. Breitner. Synthesis of Optimal Strategies for Differential Games by Neural Networks. Annals of the International Society of Dynamic Games, 3, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Petrosjan, L. A. Differential Games of Pursuit. World Scientific, River Edge, NY, 1993.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  32. Scherer, A. Neuronale Netze—Grundlagen und Anwendungen. Vieweg, Wiesbaden 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Shinar, J., and R. Tabak. New Results in Optimal Missile Avoidance Analysis. Journal of Guidance, Control & Dynamics, 17, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Siemens AG, M. H. Breitner and H. J. Pesch. Verfahren zur Kollisionsvermeidung von einem entgegenkommenden Fahrzeug und einem ausweichenden Fahrzeug mit Hilfe neuronaler Netze. German patent # 19534942,1995/1998.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Subbotin, A. I. Generalized Solutions of First-Order PDEs. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Vincent, T. L. Collision Avoidance at Sea. In: P. Hagedorn, H. W Knobloch, and G. J. Olsder, (Eds.), Differential Games and Applications, Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences 3, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Vincent, T. L., E. M. Cliff, W. J. Grantham, and W. Y. Peng. Some Aspects of Collision Avoidance. AIAA Journal, 12, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  38. White, H., A. R. Gallant, K. Homik, M. Stinchcombe, and J. Wooldridge. Artificial Neural Networks—Approximation and Learning Theory. Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  39. White, D. A., and D. A. Sofge. Handbook of Intelligent Control—Neural, Fuzzy and Adaptive Approaches. Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Zell, A. Simulation Neuronaler Netze. Addison-Wesley, Bonn, Germany, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Zell, A., et al. SNNS—Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator (Version 4.0): User Manual. Universität Stuttgart, Institut fur paralleles und verteiltes Hochleistungsrechnen, Stuttgart, Germany, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this paper

Cite this paper

Lachner, R., Breitner, M.H., Pesch, H.J. (2000). Real-Time Collision Avoidance: Differential Game, Numerical Solution, and Synthesis of Strategies. In: Filar, J.A., Gaitsgory, V., Mizukami, K. (eds) Advances in Dynamic Games and Applications. Annals of the International Society of Dynamic Games, vol 5. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1336-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1336-9_6

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7100-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1336-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics