The clearest examples of dwarfism and gigantism on islands are found in the fossil record. They form part of unbalanced faunas, which attest that only a few non-volant mammals were able to reach the island. Pygmy elephants and giant rats evolved in the isolation of these insular environments. Thus, the telltale signs of an insular fauna can be used to deduce the island’s palaeogeography. The faunas from the Gargano (Italy), a region presently forming part of the mainland, contain various giant rodents and a giant insectivore indicating that the Gargano was an island during the Mio–Pliocene. On the other hand, the Miocene and Pliocene faunas from the present-day Greek islands are balanced, indicating that they were connected with the continent at that time. The Pleistocene faunas from the same islands, however, are unbalanced, showing they lived in an isolated insular environment, and thus the faunas bear witness of the timing of tectonic processes. The same patterns as in the Mediterranean can also be found on the Indonesian islands. The islands of the Sunda shelf, which during glacials are connected to the mainland, have balanced faunas. In Wallacea we find the familiar pattern of dwarfed large mammals and giant murids in unbalanced faunas. The island of Flores even yielded remains of Homo floresiensis, a small hominin that shows that Man as well could be subject to the pattern of insular evolution.
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Vos, J.d., Ostende, L.W.v.d.H., Bergh, G.D.v.d. (2007). Patterns in Insular Evolution of Mammals: A Key to Island Palaeogeography. In: Renema, W. (eds) Biogeography, Time, and Place: Distributions, Barriers, and Islands. Topics In Geobiology, vol 29. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6374-9_10
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