Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Sjögren’s Syndrome pp 55–66Cite as

Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome and Viruses

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1230 Accesses

Abstract

The etiopathogenesis of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is probably a sequential, multistep process that leads to selective damage of the exocrine glands and consequent target organ dysfunction. Although understanding of the precise mechanisms involved in etiopathogenesis of SS remains incomplete, the autoimmune origin of the disease (autoimmune epithelitis) [1] is the hypothesis postulated most commonly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Moutsopoulos HM. Sjögren’s syndrome: autoimmune epithelitis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1994;72:162–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Ramos-Casals M, Font J. Primary Sjögren’s syndrome: current and emergent aetiopathogenic concepts. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(11):1354–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ittah M, Miceli-Richard C, Gottenberg JE, et al. Viruses induce high expression of BAFF by salivary gland epithelial cells through TLR- and type-I IFN-dependent and -independent ­pathways. Eur J Immunol. 2008;38:1058–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, et al. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne ­non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science. 1989;244:359–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ramos-Casals M, Font J. Extrahepatic manifestations in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005;17:447–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ramos-Casals M, Muñoz S, Medina F, et al. HISPAMEC Study Group. Systemic autoimmune diseases in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: characterization of 1020 cases (The HISPAMEC Registry). J Rheumatol. 2009;36:1442–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Arrieta JJ, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Ortiz-Movilla N, et al. In situ detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in salivary glands. Am J Pathol. 2001;158:259–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Toussirot E, Le Huede G, Mougin C, et al. Presence of hepatitis C virus RNA in the salivary glands of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome and hepatitis C virus infection. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:2382–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. De Vita S, De Re V, Sansonno D, et al. Gastric mucosa as an additional extrahepatic localization of hepatitis C virus: viral detection in gastric low-grade lymphoma associated with autoimmune disease and in chronic gastritis. Hepatology. 2000;31:182–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Authier FJ, Bassez G, Payan C, et al. Detection of genomic viral RNA in nerve and muscle of patients with HCV neuropathy. Neurology. 2003;60:808–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Di Muzio A, Bonetti B, Capasso M, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and myositis: a virus localization study. Neuromuscul Disord. 2003;13:68–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bonetti B, Scardoni M, Monaco S, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection of peripheral nerves in type II cryoglobulinaemia. Virchows Arch. 1999;434:533–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Radkowski M, Wilkinson J, Nowicki M, et al. Search for hepatitis C virus negative-strand RNA sequences and analysis of viral sequences in the central nervous system: evidence of replication. J Virol. 2002;76:600–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Okabe M, Fukuda K, Arakawa K, et al. Chronic variant of myocarditis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Circulation. 1997;96:22–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Agnello V, Abel G. Localization of hepatitis C virus in cutaneous vasculitic lesions in patients with type II cryoglobulinemia. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:2007–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Crovatto M, Pozzato G, Zorat F, et al. Peripheral blood neutrophils from hepatitis C virus-infected patients are replication sites of the virus. Haematologica. 2000;85:356–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ducoulombier D, Roque-Afonso AM, Di Liberto G, et al. Frequent compartmentalization of hepatitis C virus variants in circulating B cells and monocytes. Hepatology. 2004;39:817–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ramos-Casals M, Loustaud-Ratti V, De Vita S, et al. Sjögren syndrome associated with hepatitis C virus: a multicenter analysis of 137 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84:81–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Haddad J, Deny P, Munz-Gotheil C, et al. Lymphocytic sialadenitis of Sjögren’s syndrome associated with chronic hepatitis C virus liver disease. Lancet. 1992;339:321–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ramos-Casals M, Muñoz S, Zerón PB. Hepatitis C virus and Sjögren’s syndrome: trigger or mimic? Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008;34:869–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Cacoub P, Poynard T, Ghillani P, et al. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. MULTIVIRC Group. Multidepartment Virus C. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:2204–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Sène D, Ghillani-Dalbin P, Limal N, et al. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in hepatitis C virus associated rheumatological manifestations and Sjögren’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:394–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Caporali R, Bonacci E, Epis O, Bobbio-Pallavicini F, Morbini P, Montecucco C. Safety and usefulness of minor salivary gland biopsy: retrospective analysis of 502 procedures performed at a single center. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59:714–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Koike K, Moriya K, Ishibashi K, et al. Sialadenitis histologically resembling Sjögren syndrome in mice transgenic for hepatitis C virus envelope genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:233–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. De Vita S, Sansonno D, Dolcetti R, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection within a malignant lymphoma lesion in the course of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood. 1995;86:1887–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ramos-Casals M, García-Carrasco M, Cervera R, et al. Sjögren’s syndrome and hepatitis C virus. Clin Rheumatol. 1999;18:93–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Jonsson R, et al. Classification criteria for Sjögren’s syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61:554–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Han SH. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis B. Clin Liver Dis. 2004;8:403–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Godeau P, Guillevin L, Bletry O, Wechsler B. Periarteritis nodosa associated with hepatitis B virus. 42 cases. Nouv Presse Med. 1981;10:1289–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Maya R, Gershwin ME, Shoenfeld Y. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and autoimmune disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2008;34:85–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Permin H, Aldershvile J, Nielsen JO. Hepatitis B virus infection in patients with rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 1982;41:479–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kallenberg CG, Tadema H. Vasculitis and infections: contribution to the issue of autoimmunity reviews devoted to “autoimmunity and infection”. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;8:29–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Toussirot E, Lohse A, Wendling D, Mougin C. Sjögren’s syndrome occurring after hepatitis B vaccination. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:2139–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Iakimtchouk K, Myrmel H, Jonsson R. Serological screening for hepatitis B and C and human herpesvirus 6 in Norwegian patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:2065–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Aprosin ZG, Serov VV, Lopatkina TN. The hepatitis B virus as a probable etiological factor in Sjögren’s disease. Ter Arkh. 1993;65:73–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Font J, Tàssies D, García-Carrasco M, Ramos-Casals M, Cervera R, Reverter JC, et al. Hepatitis G virus infection in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: analysis in a series of 100 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 1998;57(1):42–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Marcos M, Alvarez F, Brito-Zerón P, et al. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Sjögren’s syndrome. Prevalence and clinical significance in 603 patients. Autoimmun Rev. 2009;8:616–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Salleras L, Dominguez A, Bruguera M, Plans P, Costa J, Cardenosa N, et al. Declining prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in Catalonia (Spain) 12 years after the introduction of ­universal vaccination. Vaccine. 2007;25:8726–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ram M, Anaya JM, Barzilai O, Izhaky D, Porat Katz BS, Blank M, et al. The putative protective role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection against autoimmune disorders. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;7:621–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Itescu S, Winchester R. Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome: a disorder occurring in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection that may present as a sicca syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1992;18:683–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kordossis T, Paikos S, Aroni K, et al. Prevalence of Sjögren’s-like syndrome in a cohort of HIV-1-positive patients: descriptive pathology and immunopathology. Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37:691–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Williams FM, Cohen PR, Jumshyd J, Reveille JD. Prevalence of the diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-positive outpatients. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:863–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. McArthur CP, Africa CW, Castellani WJ, et al. Salivary gland disease in HIV/AIDS and primary Sjögren’s syndrome: analysis of collagen I distribution and histopathology in American and African patients. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003;32:544–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Panayiotakopoulos GD, Aroni K, Kyriaki D, et al. Paucity of Sjögren-like syndrome in a cohort of HIV-1-positive patients in the HAART era. Part II. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003;42:1164–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Mastroianni A. Emergence of Sjögren’s syndrome in AIDS patients during highly active ­antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2004;18:1349–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Font J. Lessons from diseases mimicking Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2007;32:275–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hida A, Kawabe Y, Kawakami A, et al. HTLV-I associated Sjögren’s syndrome is aetiologically distinct from anti-centromere antibodies positive Sjögren’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999;58:320–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Nakamura H, Kawakami A, Tominaga M, et al. Relationship between Sjögren’s syndrome and human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection: follow-up study of 83 patients. J Lab Clin Med. 2000;135:139–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Nakamura H, Kawakami A, Hayashi T, et al. Low prevalence of ectopic germinal centre ­formation in patients with HTLV-I-associated Sjögren’s syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:854–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Mariette X, Agbalika F, Zucker-Franklin D, et al. Detection of the tax gene of HTLV-I in labial salivary glands from patients with Sjögren’s syndrome and other diseases of the oral cavity. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000;18:341–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Triantafyllopoulou A, Tapinos N, Moutsopoulos HM. Evidence for coxsackievirus infection in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:2897–902.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Stathopoulou EA, Routsias JG, Stea EA, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG. Cross-reaction between antibodies to the major epitope of Ro60 kD autoantigen and a homologous peptide of Coxsackie virus 2B protein. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;141:148–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Youinou P, Pers JO, Saraux A, Pennec YL. Viruses contribute to the development of Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;141:19–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Gottenberg JE, Pallier C, Ittah M, et al. Failure to confirm coxsackievirus infection in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:2026–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Perrot S, Calvez V, Escande JP, Dupin N, Marcelin AG. Prevalences of herpesviruses DNA sequences in salivary gland biopsies from primary and secondary Sjögren’s syndrome using degenerated consensus PCR primers. J Clin Virol. 2003;28:165–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Dawson TM, Starkebaum G, Wood BL, Willkens RF, Gown AM. Epstein-Barr virus, methotrexate, and lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjögren’s syndrome: case series. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:47–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Inoue H, Tsubota K, Ono M, et al. Possible involvement of EBV-mediated alpha-fodrin cleavage for organ-specific autoantigen in Sjögren’s syndrome. J Immunol. 2001;166:5801–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Trimeche M, Ziadi S, Amara K, Khelifa M, Bahri F, Mestiri S, et al. Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in Sjögren’s syndrome in Tunisia. Rev Med Interne. 2006;27:519–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Klussmann JP, Wagner M, Guntinas-Lichius O, Muller A. Detection of HHV-8 sequences and antigens in a MALT lymphoma associated with Sjögren’s syndrome. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003;32:243–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ramos-Casals M, Cervera R, Garcia-Carrasco M, et al. Cytopenia and past human parvovirus B19 infection in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2000;29:373–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. De Re V, De Vita S, Battistella V, et al. Absence of human parvovirus B19 DNA in myoepithelial sialadenitis of primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61:855–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. De Stefano R, Manganelli S, Frati E, et al. No association between human parvovirus B19 infection and Sjögren’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:86–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sjögren Syndrome Research Group (AGAUR), Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases Josep Font, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain

    Manuel Ramos-Casals & Albert Bové

  2. Rheumatology Unit, Hospital 9 d’Octubre, Valencia, Spain

    Rafael Belenguer

  3. Liver Unit, Ciberehd, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain

    Xavier Forns

  4. Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy

    Salvatore de Vita

Authors
  1. Manuel Ramos-Casals
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Albert Bové
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rafael Belenguer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xavier Forns
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Salvatore de Vita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Barcelona, Surgey, Hospital Clinic, Calle Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain

    Manuel Ramos-Casals

  2. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA

    John H. Stone

  3. National University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Haralampos M. Moutsopoulos

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ramos-Casals, M., Bové, A., Belenguer, R., Forns, X., de Vita, S. (2011). Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome and Viruses. In: Ramos-Casals, M., Stone, J., Moutsopoulos, H. (eds) Sjögren’s Syndrome. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-947-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-947-5_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-85729-946-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-85729-947-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation