Squamous carcinoma of the esophagus must be accurately staged before treatment. Although multimodality therapy is the current standard of care, the timing of surgery with respect to chemotherapy and radiation depends critically on the stage of disease. Staging modalities include laparoscopy, thoracoscopy, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and endoscopic ultrasound. In this chapter, several experts discuss their preferred staging algorithms.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson DN, Campbell S, Park MGM. Accuracy of laparoscopic ultrasonography in the staging of upper gastrointestinal malignancy. Br J Surg 1996;83:1424-1428.
Bemelman WA, van Delden OM, van Lanschot JJB, et al. Laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasonography in staging of carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. J Am Coll Surg 1995;181:421-425.
Bonavina L, Incarbone R, Lattuada E, Segalin A, Cesana B, Peracchia A. Preoperative laparoscopy in management of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus and of the esophagogastric junction. J Surg Oncol 1997;65:171-174.
Bonavina L, Incarbone R, Peracchia A. Staging by immediate preoperative laparoscopy in adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus and cardia. Ann Chir 1999;53(9):850-853.
Bosch A, Frias Z, Caldwell WL, Jaeschke WH. Autopsy findings in carcinoma of the oesophagus. Acta Radiol Oncol 1979;18:103-106.
Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Ohja B, Bartolucci AA, Eloubeidi MA. The accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography with fine-needle aspiration, integrated positron emission tomogra-phy with computed tomography, and computed tomography in restaging patients with esophageal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129(6):1232-1241.
Clements DM, Bowrey DJ, Havard TJ. The role of staging investigations for oesophago-gastric carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2004;30:309-312.
Dagnini G, Caldironi MW, Marin G, et al. Laparoscopy in abdominal staging of esopha-geal carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 1986;32:400-402.
Finch MD, John TG, Garden OJ, Allan PL, Paterson-Brown S. Laparoscopic ultrasonogra-phy for staging gastroesophageal cancer. Surgery 1997;121:10-17.
Hulscher JBF, Nieveen van Dijkum EJM, de Wit LT, et al. Laparoscopy and laparo-scopic ultrasonography in staging carcinoma of the gastric cardia. Eur J Surg 2000;166:862-865.
Kato H, Miyazaki T, Nakajima M, et al. The incremental effect of positron emission tomography on diagnostic accuracy in the initial staging of esophageal carcinoma. Chirurg 2005;103(1):148-156.
Krasna MJ, Jiao X, Mao YS, et al. Thoracoscopy/laparoscopy in the staging of esophageal cancer: Maryland experience. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2002;12(4):213-218.
Krasna MJ, Reed CE, Nedzwiecki D, et al. CALGB 9380: a prospective trial of the feasi-bility of thoracoscopy/laparoscopy in staging esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:1073-1079.
Lerut T, Nafteux P, Moons J, et al. Three-field lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction in 174 R0 resections: impact on staging, disease-free survival, and outcome: a plea for adaptation of TNM classification in upper-half esophageal carcinoma. Ann Surg 2004;240(6):962-972.
Luketich JD, Schauer P, Landreneau R, et al. Minimally invasive surgical staging is superior to endoscopic ultrasound in detecting lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:817-823.
Nieveen van Dijkum EJ, de Wit LT, Delden OMv, et al. Staging laparoscopy and laparo-scopic ultrasonography in more than 400 patients with upper gastrointestinal carci-noma. J Am Coll Surg 1999;189: 459-465.
O’Brien MG, Fitzgerald EF, Lee G, Crowley M, Shanahan F, O’Sullivan GC. A prospec-tive comparison of laparoscopy and imaging in the staging of esophagogastric cancer before surgery. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:2191-2194.
Romijn MG, Van Overhagen H, Spillenaar Bilgen EJ, et al. Laparoscopy and l aparoscopic ultrasonography in staging of oesophageal and cardial carcinoma. Br J Surg 1998; 85 (7):1010-1012.
Sihvo EI, Rasanen JV, Knuuti MJ, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and the esophagogastric junction: positron emission tomography improves staging and prediction of survival in distant but not in locoregional disease. J Gastrointest Surg 2004;8(8):988-996.
Smith A, Finch MD, John TG, et al. Role of laparoscopic ultrasonography in the manage-ment of patients with oesophagogastric cancer. Br J Surg 1999;86:1083-1087.
Swisher SG, Maish M, Erasmus JJ, et al. Utility of PET, CT, and EUS to identify patho-logic responders in esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;78(4):1152-1160.
Wallace MB, Nietert PJ, Earle C, et al. An analysis of multiple staging management strate-gies for carcinoma of the esophagus: computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound, positron emission tomography, and thoracoscopy/laparoscopy. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;74:1026-1032.
Watt I, Stewart I, Anderson D, et al. Laparoscopy, ultrasound and computed tomography in cancer of the oesophagus and gastric cardia: a prospective comparison for detecting intra-abdominal metastases. Br J Surg 1989;76:1036-1039.
Westerp M, van Westreenen HL, Reitsma JB, Hoekstra OS, Stoker J. Esophageal cancer: CT, endoscopic ultrasound, and FDG PET for assessment of response to neoadjuvant therapy—systemic review. Radiology 2005;236:841-851.
Wieder HA, Beer AJ, Lordick F, et al. Comparison of changes in tumor metabolic activ-ity and tumor size during chemotherapy of adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction. J Nucl Med 2005;46:2029-2034.
Suggested Readings
Abdalla EK, Pisters PWT. Staging and preoperative evaluation of upper gastrointestinal malignancies. Semin Oncol 2004;31:513-529.
Espat NJ, Jacobsen G, Horgan S, Donahue P. Minimally invasive treatment of esophageal cancer: laparoscopic staging to robotic esophagectomy. Cancer J 2005;11:10-17.
Flett ME, Lim MN, Bruce D, et al. Prognostic value of laparoscopic ultrasound in patients with gastro-esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 2001;14:223-226.
Freeman RK, Wait MA. Port site metastasis after laparoscopic staging of esophageal carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:1032-1034.
Hünerbein M, Rau B, Hohenberger P, Schlag PM. The role of laparoscopic ultrasound for staging of gastrointestinal tumors. Chirurg 2001;72:914-919.
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 2006; 56:106-130.
Larson SM, Schoder H, Yeung H. Positron emission tomography/computerized tom-ography functional imaging of esophageal and colorectal cancer. Cancer J 2004; 10:243-250.
Menon KV, Dehn TCB. Multiport staging laparoscopy in esophageal and cardiac carcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2003;16:295-300.
Natsugoe S, Yoshinaka H, Shimada M, et al. Assessment of cervical lymph node metasta-sis in esophageal carcinoma using ultrasonography. Ann Surg 1999;229:62-66.
Patel AN, Buenaventura PO. Current staging of esophageal cancer. Surg Clin North Am 2005;85:555-567.
Rau B, Hunerbein M. Diagnostic laparoscopy: indications and benefits. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2005;390:187-196.
Siemsen M, Svendsen LB, Knigge U, et al. A prospective randomized comparison of curved array and radial echoendoscopy in patients with esophageal cancer. Gastroin-test Endosc 2003;58(5):671-676.
Stell DA, Carter CR, Stewart I, Anderson JR. Prospective comparison of laparoscopy, ultrasonography and computed tomography in the staging of gastric cancer. Br J Surg 1996;83:1260-1262.
Wakelin SJ, Deans C, Crofts TJ, Allan PL, Plevris JN, Paterson-Brown S. A comparison of computerised tomography, laparoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound in the preoperative staging of oesophago-gastric carcinoma. Eur J Radiol 2002; 41 (2):161-167.
Yau KK, Siu WT, Cheung HYS, et al. Immediate preoperative laparoscopic staging for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Surg Endosc 2006;20:307-310.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Maurice, S.M., Rau, B., Adusumilli, P.S., Patel, A.N. (2008). Preoperative Staging for Esophageal Carcinoma. In: Scott-Conner, C.E.H. (eds) The SAGES Manual of Strategic Decision Making. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76671-3_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76671-3_16
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-76670-6
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-76671-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)