Skip to main content
  • 4200 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Andrews, L. B. (2002). Genes and patent policy: Rethinking intellectual property rights. Nature Reviews Genetics, 3, 803–808.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Attaran, A., & Gillespie-White, L. (2001). Do patents for antiretroviral drugs constrain access to AIDS treatment in Africa? Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 1886–1892.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avorn, J. (2004). Powerful medicines: The benefits, risks, and costs of prescription drugs. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avorn, J. . (2005). Sending pharma better signals. Science, 309, 669.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Shalom, A., & Cook-Deegan, R. (2002). Patents and innovation in cancer therapeu tics: Lessons from CellPro. Milbank Quarterly, 80, 637–676.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barton, J. H. (2004). TRIPS and the global pharmaceutical market. Health Affairs, 23, 146–154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal, D., Campbell, E. G., Anderson, M. S., Causino, N., & Louis, K. S. (1997). Withholding research results in academic life science. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 1224–1228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal, D., Causino, N., Campbell, E., & Louis, K. S. (1996). Relationships between academic institutions and industry in the life sciences—an industry survey. New England Journal of Medicine, 334, 368–373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch, X. (2004). Myriad loses rights to breast cancer gene patent. Lancet, 363, 1780.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, D., & Goodman, S. (2001). French researchers take a stand against cancer gene patent. Nature, 413, 95–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, W. M., Nelson, R. R., & Walsh J. P. (2000). Protecting their intellectual assets: Appropriability conditions and why U.S. manufacturing firms patent (or not). National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 7552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Congressional Budget Office. (2006). Research and development in the pharmaceutical industry. (October, 2006); http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/76xx/doc7615/10–02-DrugR-D.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook-Deegan, R. M., & McCormack, S. J. (2001). Patents, secrecy and DNA. Science, 293, 217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, R. S. (1996). Public research and private development: Patents and technology transfer in government-sponsored research. Virginia Law Review, 82, 1663–727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Federal Trade Commission. (2002). Generic drug entry prior to patent expiration. (July, 2002); http://www.ftc.gov/os/2002/07/genericdrugstudy.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, M. A., & Avorn, J. (2004). Economic implications of evidence-based prescribing for hypertension: Can better care cost less? Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 1850–1856.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grabowski, H. (2002). Patents, innovation and access to new pharmaceuticals. Journal of International Economic Law, 5, 849–860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haas, J. S., Phillips, K. A., Gerstenberger, E. P., & Seger A. C. (2005). Potential savings from substituting generic drugs for brand-name drugs: Medical expenditure panel survey 1997–2000. Annals of Internal Medicine, 142, 891–897.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hale, V. G., Woo, K., & Lipton H. L. (2005). Oxymoron no more: The potential of nonprofit drug companies to deliver on the promise of medicines for the developing world. Health Affairs, 24, 1057–1064.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heffler, S., Smith, S., Keehan, S., Clemens, M. K., Won, G., & Zezza, M. (2003). Health spending projections for 2002–2012. Health Affairs, (Supplemental Web Exclusive), W3 – 54–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller, M. A., & Eisenberg, R. S. (1998). Can patents deter innovation? The anticommons in biomedical research. Science, 280, 698–701.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffe, A. B., & Lerner, J (2004). Innovation and its discontents. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapczynski, A., Chaifetz, S., Katz, Z., & Benkler, Y. (2005). Addressing global health inequities: An open licensing approach for university innovations. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 20, 1031–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kesselheim, A. S., & Avorn, J. (2005). University-based science and biotechnology products: Defining the boundaries of intellectual property. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 850–854.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kesselheim, A. S., & Avorn, J. (2006). Biomedical patents and the public health. Is there a role for eminent domain? Journal of the American Medical Association, 295, 434–437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kesselheim, A. S., Fischer, M. A., & Avorn, J. (2006). Extensions of intellectual property rights and delayed adoption of generic drugs: Effects on Medicaid expenditures. Health Affairs, 25, 1637–1647.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kesselheim, A. S., & Mello, M. M. (2006). Medical process patents – monopolizing the delivery of health care. New England Journal of Medicine, 355, 2036–2041.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, R. C. (2002). FTC/DOJ joint hearings on competition and intellectual property law. Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, J. (2004). NIH meeting on Norvir/Ritonavir march-in request. (May 25, 2004); http://www.essentialinventions.org/legal/norvir/may25nihjamie.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merz, J. F., Kriss, A. G., Leonard, D. G., & Cho, M. K. (2002). Diagnostic testing fails the test. Nature, 415, 577–579.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okie, S. (2006). Fighting HIV – lessons from Brazil. New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 1977–1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pecoul, B., Chirac, P., Trouiller, P., & Pinel, J. (1999). Access to essential drugs in poor countries: A lost battle? Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 361–367.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, A. M., & Price, D. (2003). New deal from the World Trade Organisation. British Medical Journal, 327, 571–572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rai, A. K., & Eisenberg, R. S. (2003). The public domain: Bayh-Dole reform and the progress of biomedicine. Law & Contemporary Problems, 66, 288–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, C. (2001). Navigating the patent thicket: Cross licenses, patent pools and standard-setting. In A. Jaffe, J. Lerner, & S. Stern (Eds.), Innovation policy and the economy.volume I. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobolski, G. K., Barton, J. H., & Emanuel, E. J. (2005). Technology licensing: Lessons from the US experience. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294, 3137–3140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamblyn, R., Laprise, R., Hanley, J. A., Abrahamowicz, M., Scott, S., Mayo, N., et al. (2001). Adverse events associated with prescription drug cost-sharing among poor and elderly persons. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 421–429.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troullier, P., Olliaro, P., Torreele, E., Orbinski, J., Laing, R., & Ford, N. (2002). Drug development for neglected disease: A deficient market and public-health policy failure. Lancet, 359, 2188–2194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Universities Allied for Essential Medicine. (2006). Philadelphia consensus statement on university policy for health-related innovations. (2006); http://www.essentialmedicine.org/cs/wp-content/uploads/2006/10/philadelphiaconsensusstatement.pdf

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kesselheim, A.S., Avorn, J. (2007). Patent Law and Policy. In: Macrosocial Determinants of Population Health. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70812-6_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70812-6_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-70811-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-70812-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics