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Microtubules and the Evolution of Mitosis

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Plant Microtubules

Part of the book series: Plant Cell Monographs ((CELLMONO,volume 11))

Abstract

The microtubular cytoskeleton of higher plants diverges considerably from its animal counterpart. This divergence involves a fundamentally different organization with microtubule arrays, which are specific to higher plants, such as cortical microtubules or the phragmoplast. On the other hand, centrioles, which are central organizers of microtubules in cells of animals and lower plants, have been progressively reduced in the course of plant evolution, and are now absent, as in most seed plants. In addition to these structural differences, the molecular composition of associated proteins also deviates to a degree that sequence homologues of important animal microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) seem to be absent in higher plants. The transition towards multicellular plants was intimately linked to rhythmic changes of division axis, and, thus, to the spatial regulation of mitotic microtubule arrays. To understand the peculiarities of plant microtubules, we have to combine cell biology with a more phylogenetic viewpoint. Therefore, this chapter is dedicated to the role of microtubules in the evolution of mitosis. It is shown that the microtubule divergence between plants and animals is already laid down in the prokaryotic ancestors, when the walled eubacteria are compared to the mycoplasms that lack a cell wall. The complex situation in lower eukaryotes can be understood as variations of this theme. The relation between chromatin/nucleus and the so-called nucleus associated organelle (NAO), which organizes microtubules, is central for the realization of mitosis. The extensive variability observed in algae and fungi is then progressively channeled, when, during the evolution of the higher Chlorophyta, most microtubule structures characteristic for higher plants develop. However, the interpretation of these mitotic structures has remained ambiguous, due to possible convergent developments, and due to our limited understanding of the phylogenetic relationships in many taxa of the algae. At the time when plants shifted to a terrestrial lifestyle, the microtubule arrays from higher plants have already been worked out. This was accompanied by a progressive reduction of centriolar functions and the increasing predominance of acentriolar microtubule organization, which could be followed on the structural level and also by a redistribution of microtubule-nucleating proteins, such as γ-tubulin, during recent years. Indicative of the evolutionary processes towards the highly divergent microtubular cytoskeleton of higher plants, interesting evolutionary footprints still exist, and are difficult to interpret merely in terms of cellular function. These include the cytoplasmic occurrence of the tubulin ancestor, FtsZ, in mosses, or the recent discovery of intranuclear tubulin. If one merely attempts to explain them in terms of current function, these phenomena appear to be unusual and difficult to understand. However, they can be readily interpreted as rudiments from a long evolutionary path, driven by the necessity to divide cells that are surrounded by rigid cell walls.

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  1. Institut de Biologie Moleculaire des Plantes, 12, rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France

    Anne-Catherine Schmit

  2. Botanisches Institut 1, Kaiserstr. 2, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Peter Nick

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Schmit, AC., Nick, P. (2008). Microtubules and the Evolution of Mitosis. In: Nick, P. (eds) Plant Microtubules. Plant Cell Monographs, vol 11. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7089_2007_161

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