Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Potential Reuse of Chemical Sludge from Textile Dyeing Processes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Global Risk-Based Management of Chemical Additives I

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 18))

Abstract

The textile industry plays a significant role in the Indian economy. The combined textile effluent from dyeing and printing clusters is treated in common effluent treatment plants (CETP) where the physicochemical treatment of the wastewater leads to the generation of chemical sludge in voluminous quantities. This sludge is considered a hazardous waste according to the Indian Hazardous Waste Management rules of 2008. Presently, the only option available to CETP operators for the disposal of this waste is a secure landfill, but this represents a costly option for them. The case study presented here attempts to find an environment-friendly and a cost-effective solution for the management of this chemical sludge. Sludge samples from various CETPs spread across the India were collected and they were physicochemically characterized; toxicity and microstructural aspects were also taken into consideration. To evaluate the suitability of the sludge as construction material, a solidification/stabilization (S/S) treatment of the chemical sludge was carried out using two binders: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Portland Pozzolona Cement (PPC). The evaluation of the solidified samples was carried out by considering their physical engineering properties, such as unconfined compressive strength and block density, and its chemical properties, such as leachability of heavy metals. A microstructural examination of the solidified samples was also performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Characterization results revealed that the sludge samples were alkaline and had high electrical conductivity values. The concentration of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in the dried sludge, as well as in the leachate, was found to be less than that present in the prescribed limits (Indian Hazardous Waste Rules for sludge samples and US EPA limits for leachate). Oxides, such as SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, and SO3, were present in a significant amount. Unconfined strength and block density data of the solidified blocks indicated that the chemical sludge had potential to be used as a construction material for different kinds of applications. The microstructural examination of the solidified samples indicated a modification of the cement patterns.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    A pozzolan is a material which, when combined with calcium hydroxide, exhibits cementations properties.

  2. 2.

    http://www.moef.nic.in/legis/hsm/HAZMAT_2265_eng.pdf.

  3. 3.

    http://www.moef.nic.in/legis/hsm/HAZMAT_2265_eng.pdf.

References

  1. Misra V, Pandey SD (2005) Hazardous waste, impact on health and environment for development of better waste management strategies in future in India. Environ Int 31:417–431

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. CPCB (2009) National inventory of hazardous waste generating industries & hazardous waste management system in India. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/hazardous-waste_inventory_final_report_2009.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2009

  3. Blackman WC Jr (1996) Basic hazardous waste management. CRC Press Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  4. Idachaba MA, Nyavor K, Egiebor NO, Rogers RD (2001) Stability evaluation of a cement based waste form to microbially induced degradation. Waste Manag Res 19:284–291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Soundararajan R (1990) An overview of present day immobilization technologies. J Hazard Mater 24:199–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Baker PG, Bishop PL (1997) Prediction of metal leaching rates from solidified/stabilized wastes using the shrinking unreacted core leaching procedure. J Hazard Mater 52:311–333

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gervais C, Ouki SK (2002) Performance study of cementitious systems containing zeolite and silica fume: effects of four metal nitrates on the setting time, strength and leaching characteristics. J Hazard Mater B93:187–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Olmo IF, Chacon E, Irabien A (2001) Influence of lead, zinc, iron (III) and chromium (III) oxides on the setting time and strength development of Portland cement. Cement Conc Res 31:1213–1219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Stegemann JA, Cote PL (1990) Summary of an investigation of test methods for solidified waste evaluation. Waste Manag 10:41–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bishop PL (1988) Leaching of inorganic hazardous constituents from stabilized/solidified hazardous wastes. Hazard Waste Hazard Mater 5:129–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hills CD, Pollard SJT (1997) The influence of interference effects on the mechanical, microstructural and fixation characteristics of cement-solidified hazardous waste form. J Hazard Mater 52:171–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Malviya R, Chaudhary R (2006) Study of treatment effectiveness of solidification/stabilization process for waste bearing heavy metals. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 6:147–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Dutre V, Vandecasteele C (1996) An evaluation of the solidification/stabilization of industrial arsenic containing waste using extraction and semi-dynamic leach tests. Waste Manag 16:625–631

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Leist M, Casey RJ, Caridi D (2003) The fixation and leaching of cement stabilized arsenic. Waste Manag 23:353–359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Singh TS, Pant KK (2006) Solidification/stabilization of arsenic containing solid wastes using Portland cement, fly ash and polymeric materials. J Hazard Mater B31:29–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kundu S, Gupta AK (2008) Immobilization and leaching characteristics of arsenic from cement and/or lime solidified/stabilized spent adsorbent containing arsenic. J Hazard Mater 153:434–443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Singhal A, Tiwari VK, Prakash S (2008) Characterisation of stainless steel pickling bath sludge its solidification/stabilization. Build Environ 43(6):1010–1015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Asavapisit S, Chotklang D (2004) Solidification of electroplating sludge using alkali-pulverised fuel ash as cementitious binder. Cement Conc Res 34:349–353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sophia AC, Swaminathan K (2005) Assessment of the mechanical stability and chemical leachability of immobilized electroplating waste. Chemosphere 58:75–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Andres A, Velasco FM, Coz A, Ruiz C, Viguri JR, Irabien JA (2002) Treatment of foundry sludges by stabilization/solidification with cement and siliceous binders. Fresenius Environ Bull 11:849–853

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hamilton IE, Sammes NM (1999) Encapsulation of steel foundry bag house dusts in cement mortar. Cement Concr Res 29:55–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Skvara F, Kastanek F, Pavelkova I, Solcova O, Maleterova Y, Schneider P (2002) Solidification of waste steel foundry dust with Portland cement. J Hazard Mater B 89:67–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fuessle RW, Taylor MA (2004) Long-term solidification/stabilization and toxicity characteristics leaching procedure for an electric arc furnace dust. J Environ Eng – ASCE 130:492–498

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Salihoglu G, Pinarli V, Salihoglu NK, Karaca G (2007) Properties of steel foundry electric arc furnace dust solidified/stabilized with Portland cement. J Environ Manage 85:190–197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Yin CY, Ali WSW, Lim YP (2008) Oil palm ash as partial replacement of cement for solidkfikcation/ stabilisation of nickel hydroxide sludge. J Hazard Mater 150:413–418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Montogomery DM, Sollars CJ, Perry R, Tariing SE, Barnes P, Henderson E (1991) Treatment of organic-contaminated industrial wastes using cement-based solidification/ stabilization – microstructural analysis of cement – organic interaction. Waste Manag Res 9:103–111

    Google Scholar 

  27. Athanasios KK, Voudrias EA (2007) Cement-based stabilization/solidification of oil refinery sludge: leaching behavior of alkanes and PAHs. J Hazard Mater 148:122–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Chan YM, Agamuthu P, Mahalingam R (2000) Solidification and stabilization of asbestos waste from an automobile brake manufacturing facility using cement. J Hazard Mater B77:209–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Shieh CS, Roethel FJ (1989) Physical and chemical behavior of stabilized sewage sludge blocks in sea water. Environ Sci Technol 23:121–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bednarik V, Vondruska M, Sild M, Vondruska E (2000) Characterisation of products from fluidized-bed combustion of coal. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 50:1920–1926

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Rouf MA, Hossain MD (2003) Effects of using arsenic-iron sludge in brick making. In: Fate of arsenic in the Environment, Proceedings of the BUET –UNU International Symposium, Dhaka, Bangladesh, February 5–6

    Google Scholar 

  32. Okuno N, Takahashi S (1997) Full scale application of manufacturing bricks from sewage. Water Sci Technol 36(11):243–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wiebusch B, Seyfried CF (1997) Utilization of sewage sludge ashes in the brick and tile industry. Water Sci Technol 26(11):251–258

    Google Scholar 

  34. Bhatty JI, Reid KJ (1989) Moderate strength concrete from lightweight sludge ash aggregates. Cement Compos Lightweight Concrete 11:179–187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bhatty JI, Mallisci A, Iwasaki I, Reid KJ (1992) Sludge as pellets as coarse aggregates in concrete. Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, CCAGDP 14(1):55–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Correia VM, Stephenson T, Judd SJ (1994) Characterisation of textile wastewaters – a review. Environ Technol 15:917–929

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) (2008–2009) Abatment of pollution. Ministry of Environment and Forests annual report 2008–2009. http://www.envfor.nic.in/report/0708/chap04.pdf. Accessed 26 July 2009

  38. Ansari AA, Thakur BD (2001) Sludge management in textile industry; disposal, recycling and reuse of primary sludge. Asian Textil J 10:55

    Google Scholar 

  39. Balasubramanian J, Sabumon PC, Lazar UL, Ilangovan R (2005) Reuse of textile effluent treatment plant sludge in building materials. Waste Manag 26(1):22–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Baskar R, Meera Sheriffa Begum KM, Sundaram S (2006) Characterisation and reuse of textile effluent treatment plant waste sludge in clay bricks. J Univ Chem Technol Metallurgy 41(4):473–478

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bureau of Indian Standard (1987) Specification for 43-grade ordinary Portland cement IS 12269:1987. BIS, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  42. Bureau of Indian Standard (1991) Specification for Portland pozzolona cement Part I Flyash based (Third Revision) IS 1489: Part 1:1991. BIS, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  43. Bureau of Indian Standard (1980) Methods of physical test for hydraulic cement –determination of compressive strength of hydraulic cement IS 4031 (6). BIS, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  44. Bhalerao NA, Moghe CA, Bhavasar RS, Kharat RB (1997) Sludge management process – a review of its application to industrial sludges. Indian J Environ Prot 17(7):535–541

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Palanivelu K, Kumar R (2001) Characterisation and leachability studies in textile effluent treatment plant sludge. Environ Pollut Control J 5(1):38–40

    Google Scholar 

  46. Ehrig H-J (1989) Leachate quality. In: Christensen TH, Cossu R, Stegmann R (eds) Sanitary landfilling: process, technology and environmental impact. Academic Press, London, pp 213–230

    Google Scholar 

  47. Bureau of Indian Standard (1992) Common burnt clay building bricks – specifications (fifth revision). BIS, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  48. Bureau of Indian Standard (2005) Methods of testing for cement masonry units- hollow bricks and solid blocks IS: 2185 (part-I). BIS, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  49. Bureau of Indian Standard (2005) Methods of testing for cement masonry units- hollow bricks and solid blocks IS: 2185 (part-II). BIS, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  50. Bureau of Indian Standard (1982) Specifications for soil based blocks used in general building construction IS: 1725. BIS, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  51. Bureau of Indian Standard (1982) Specifications for lime pozzolona concrete blocks for paving IS: 10360. BIS, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  52. Bureau of Indian Standard (1972) (Revised 2001) Methods of test for autoclaved cellular concrete products (Determination of unit weight or bulk density & moisture) Part 1,2,3,4,5,6 & 8. IS:6441

    Google Scholar 

  53. Trussell S, Spence RD (1994) A review of solidification/stabilization interferences. Waste Management, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 507–519

    Google Scholar 

  54. Batchelor B, Overview of waste stabilization with cement, Waste Management (2006) 26:689–698

    Google Scholar 

  55. Thevenin G, Pera J Interactions between lead and different binders, Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (1999) 1605–1610.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Palomo A, Palacios M Alkali-activated cementitious materials: Alternative matrices for the immobilisation of hazardous wastes Part II. Stabilisation of chromium and lead, Cement and Concrete Research 33 (2003) 289–295

    Google Scholar 

  57. Conner J, Chemical fixation and solidification of hazardous waste, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Energy and Resources Institute, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India

    S. Pandey & R. Johri

  2. TERI University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India

    H. Patel

Authors
  1. S. Pandey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. Patel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. Johri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Pandey .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Institute of Waste Management, Technical University of Dresden, Pratzchwitzer Straße 15, Pirna, 01796, Germany

    Bernd Bilitewski

  2. , CERTEC, UPC - Technical University of Catalonia, Pavelló G. 6471a Planta, Barcelona, 08028, Spain

    Rosa Mari Darbra

  3. Jordi Girona 18 -26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain

    Damià Barceló

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pandey, S., Patel, H., Johri, R. (2011). Potential Reuse of Chemical Sludge from Textile Dyeing Processes. In: Bilitewski, B., Darbra, R., Barceló, D. (eds) Global Risk-Based Management of Chemical Additives I. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry(), vol 18. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2011_102

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation