Abstract
The solar atmosphere is a source of suprathermal particles during flares, but also over hours and even days outside flares. Diagnostics based on multi-wavelength and imaging observations (gamma-ray, hard X-ray, optical, radio wavelengths) are reviewed. During impulsive flares, where the most detailed information is available, acceleration occurs on sub-second time scales in extended regions of the corona. They comprise small-scale (some ”) structures which are activated simultaneously or successively, produce different types of particle signature and also determine how particles get access to neighbouring or remote regions in the corona and eventually into interplanetary space. Particles accelerated outside the impulsive phase have qualitatively distinct signatures which are attributed to the environment where the acceleration or emissions occur, rather than to basically different acceleration mechanisms.
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Klein, K.L. (1994). Electromagnetic signatures of particle acceleration and propagation. In: Belvedere, G., Rodonò, M., Simnett, G.M. (eds) Advances in Solar Physics. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol 432. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58041-7_227
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58041-7_227
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