Skip to main content

Gender, Hierarchy, and Science

  • Chapter
Handbook of the Sociology of Gender

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ambrose, S., Dunkle, K., Lazarus, B., Nair, I., & Harkus, D. (1997). Journeys of women in science and engineering. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Statistical Association (1993). Women Ph.D.s continue to face hurdles in employment in doctoral-granting institutions. Amstat News, 204, 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Artz, F. (1966). The development of technical education in France: 1500–1800. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, B. (1974). Interests and the growth of knowledge. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bechtel, H. K. (1989). Introduction. In W. Pearson & H. K. Bechtel (Eds.), Blacks, scientists, and American education (pp. 1–20). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, M. (1991). Introduction. In M. Benjamin (Ed.), Science and sensibility: Gender and scientific inquiry, 1750–1984 (pp. 1–23). Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, J. M. (1978). Editorial policies and practices among leading journals in four scientific disciplines. Sociological Quarterly, 19, 68–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloor, D. (1976). Knowledge and social imagery. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blume, S. S., & Sinclair, R. (1973). Chemists in British Universities. American Sociological Review, 38, 126–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boston Women’s Health Collective (1971/1976). Our bodies, ourselves (revised and expanded second edition). New York: Simon & Schuster [first edition published by New England Free Press, 1971].

    Google Scholar 

  • Bush, V. (1945/1990). The endless frontier. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardwell, D. S. L. (1957). The organization of science in England. London: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B. (1987). The academic life: Small worlds, different worlds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn, C. (1985). Machinery of dominance: Women, men, and technical knowhow. London: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn, C., & Furst-Dilic, R. (1994). Introduction: Looking for the gender/technology relation. In C. Cockburn & R. Furst-Dilic (Eds.), Bringing technology home: Gender and technology in a changing Europe (pp. 1–21. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, J. (1979). Fair science: Women in the scientific community. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, J. & Cole, S. (1973). Social stratification in science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, J., & Zuckerman, H. (1984). The productivity puzzle: Persistence and change in patterns of publication among women and men scientists. In P. Maehr & M. W. Steinkamp (Eds.), Women in science (pp. 217–256). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, S. (1992). Making science: Between nature and society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology (CPST) (1997). Professional women and minorities: A total human resources data compendium (12th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CPST.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cozzens, S., & Woodhouse, E. (1995). Science, government, and the politics of knowledge. In S. Jasanoff, G. Markle, J. Petersen, & T. Pinch (Eds.), Handbook of science and technology studies (pp. 533–553). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derber, C. W., Schwartz, W., & Magress, Y. (1990). Power in the highest degree; Professionals and the rise of a new Mandarin order. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenreich, B., & English, D. (1973). Complaints and disorders: The sexual politics of sickness. Old Westbury, NY: The Feminist Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenreich, B., & English, D. (1978). For her own good: 150 years of the experts’ advice to women. Garden City: NY: Anchor/Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evetts, J. (1996). Gender and career in science and engineering. London: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. F. (1981). Sex, salary, and achievement: Reward-dualism in academia. Sociology of Education, 54, 71–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. F. (1983). Publication productivity among scientists. Social Studies of Science, 13, 285–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. F. (1986). Mind, nature, and masculinity. Contemporary Sociology, 15, 197–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. F. (1991). Gender, environmental milieu, and productivity in science. In H. Zuckerman, J. Cole, & J. Bruer (Eds.), The outer circle: Women in the scientific community (pp. 188–204). New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. F. (1995). Women and scientific careers. In S. Jasanoff, G. Markle, J. Petersen, & T. Pinch (Eds.), Handbook of science and technology studies (pp. 205–223). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. F. (1996). Women, academia, and careers in science and engineering. In C. Davis, A. Ginorio, C. Hollenshead, B. Lazarus, & P. Rayman (Eds.), The equity equation: Fostering the advancement of women in the sciences, mathematics, and engineering (pp. 265–289). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. F. (1998). Women in science and engineering: Theory, practice, and policy in programs. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 24, 201–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. F., & Braxton, J. M. (1994). Misconduct and social control in science. The Journal of Higher Education, 65, 373–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaston, J. (1978). The reward system in British and American science. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons, A. (1992). Key issue: Tenure. Science, 255, 1386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hacker, S. (1989). Pleasure, power, and technology. Boston: Unwin Hyman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacker, S. (1990). “Doing it the hard way”: Investigations of gender and technology. Boston: Unwin Hyman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, S. (1996). Lost talent: Women in the sciences. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, S. (1983). Why has the sex gender system become visible only now? In S. Harding & M. B. Hintikka (Eds.), Discovering reality (pp. 311–324). Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargens, L. & Hagstrom, W. (1982). Consensus and status attainment patterns in scientific disciplines. Sociology of Education, 55, 183–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harraway, D. (1989). Primate visions: Gender, race, and nature in the world of modern science. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, M. I. (1994). Diagnosing organizations: Methods, models, and processes. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helmreich, R., Spence, J., Beane, W., Lucker, W., & Matthews, K. (1980). Making it in academic psychology: Demographic and personality correlates of attainment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 896–908.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkin, L. (1981). Mathematics and revolution from Lacroix to Cauchy. In H. Mehrtens, H. Bos, & I. Schneider (Eds.), Social history of nineteenth century mathematics (pp. 50–71). Boston: Birkhauser.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasanoff, S., Markle, G. Petersen, J., & Pinch, T. (1995). Handbook of science and technology studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, E. F. (1983). A feeling for the organism: The life and work of Barbara McClintock. New York: W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, E. F. (1985). Reflections on gender and science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, E. F. (1995). The origin, history, and politics of the subject called ‘gender and science’. In S. Jasanoff, G. Markle, J. Petersen, & T. Pinch (Eds.), Handbook of science and technology studies (pp. 80–94). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolodny, A. (1975). The lay of the land: Metaphor as experience and history in American life and letters. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, J. S. (1992). Measures of sex differences in scientific productivity. Social Forces, 71, 159–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long, J. S., Allison, P., McGinnis, R. (1993). Rank-advancement in Academic careers: Sex differences and the effects of productivity. American Sociological Review, 58, 703–722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long, J. S., & Fox, M. F. (1995). Scientific careers: Universalism and particularism. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 45–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lotka, A. J. (1926). The frequency distribution of scientific productivity. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 26, 317.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeil, M. (1987). Being reasonable feminists. In M. McNeil (Ed.), Gender and expertise (pp. 13–61). London: Free Association Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merchant, C. (1980). The death of nature: Women, ecology, and the scientific revolution. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton, R. K. (1942/1973). The normative structure of science. In N. Storer (Ed.), The sociology of science (pp. 267–278). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitroff, I. (1974). Norms and counternorms in a select group of Apollo moon scientists. American Sociological Review, 39, 379–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morin, A. J. (1993). Science policy and politics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulkay, M. (1976). Norms and ideology in science. Social Science Information, 15, 627–636.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulkay, M. (1979). Science and the sociology of knowledge. London: Allen and Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Education Statistics (1993). Digest of education statistics. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, D. (1977). America by design. New York: Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortner, S. (1972). Is female to male as nature is to culture? Feminist Studies, 1, 5–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J., Salanick, G. R., & Leblebici, H. (1996) The effect of uncertainty on the use of social influence in organizational decision making. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 227–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Primack, R. B., & O’Leary, V. E. (1989). Research productivity of men and women ecologists. Bulletin of the Ecological Association of America, 70, 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathgeber, E. M. (1995). Schooling for what? In United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development (Ed.), Missing links: Gender equity in science and technology for development (pp. 181–200). New York: International Development Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reskin, B. (1978). Scientific productivity, sex, and location in the institution of science. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 1235–1243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roscher, N. M. (1990). Women chemists, 1990. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter, M. (1982). Women scientists in America: Struggles and strategies to 1940. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sayre, A. (1975). Rosalind Franklin and DNA. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, I. (1981). Introduction. In H. Mehrtens, H. Bos, & I. Schneider (Eds.), Social history of nineteenth century mathematics (pp. 75–88). Boston: Birkhauser

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonnert, G., & Holton, G. (1995a). Gender differences in science careers. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonnert, G. & Holton, G. (1995b). Who succeeds in science? The gender dimension. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • University of Wisconsin (1991). Retaining and promoting women and minority faculty: Problems and possibilities. Madison, WI: Office of Equal Opportunity and Policy Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vetter, B. (1992). Ferment: Yes, progress: Maybe, change: Slow. Mosaic, 23, 34–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wajcman, J. (1991). Feminism confronts technology. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, K., & Grant, L. (1995). Gender and academic publishing. In J. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research, Vol. 11 (pp. 175–215). New York: Agathon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoels, W. C. (1974). The structure of scientific fields and the allocation of editorships on scientific journals: Some observations on the politics of knowledge. Sociological Quarterly, 15, 264–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, H. (1987). Persistence and change in careers of men and women scientists and engineers. In L. Dix (Ed.), Women: Their underrepresentation and career differentials in science and engineering (pp. 123–156). Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, H. (1988). The sociology of science. In N. J. Smelser (Ed.), Handbook of sociology (pp. 511–574). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, H., Cole, J., & Bruer, J. (1991). The Outer circle: Women in the scientific community. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fox, M.F. (2006). Gender, Hierarchy, and Science. In: Handbook of the Sociology of Gender. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Boston, MA . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36218-5_20

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics