Skip to main content

Bladder

  • Chapter
Cancer Precursors

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Reuter VE, Melamed MR. The lower urinary tract. In: Sternberg SS (ed) Diagnostic surgical pathology. New York: Raven Press, 1989, pp. 1355–92.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Mostofi FK, Sobin LH, Torloni H. Histologic typing of urinary bladder tumours. In: International histological classification of tumors, Vol. 10. Geneva: The World Health Organization, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Koss L. Atlas of tumor pathology:Tumors of the urinary bladder (Fasicle 11), 2nd ed. Washington: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Zhang Z-F, Steineck G. Epidemiology and Etiology of Bladder Cancer. In: Raghavan D, Scher HI, Leibel SA, Lange P (eds) Principles and practice of genitourinary oncology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company, 1997, pp. 215–22.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Mostofi FK, Sesterhenn IA. Pathology of epithelial tumors and carcinoma in situ of bladder. Prog Clin Biol Res 1984; 62:55–74.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Prout GR. Bladder carcinoma and a TNM system of classification. J Urol 1997; 117:583–8.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Simoneau M, LaRue H, Fradet Y. Low frequency of human papillomavirus infection in initial papillary bladder tumors. Urol Res 1999; 27:108–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Dalbagni G, Presti J, Reuter V, et al. Genetic alterations in bladder cancer. Lancet 1993; 324:469–71.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Spruck CH, Ohneseit PE, Gonzalez-Zulueta M, et al. Two molecular pathways to transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Res 1994; 54:784–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Johansson SL, Cohen SM. Pathology of Bladder Cancer. In: Raghavan D, Scher HI, Leibel SA, Lange P (eds) Principles and practice of genitourinary oncology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company, 1997, pp. 207–13.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Koss L. Diagnostic cytology and its histopathologic bases, 4th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kiemeney LA, Witjes JA, Heijbroek RP, et al. Dysplasia in normal-looking urothelium increases the risk of tumour progression in primary superficial bladder cancer. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30:1621–5.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Igawa M, Urakami S, Shirakawa H. A mapping of histology and cell proliferation in human bladder cancer: an immunohistochemical study. Hiroshima J of Med Science 1995; 44:93–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cordon-Cardo C. Mutation of cell cycle regulators: biological and clinical implications for human neoplasias. Am J Pathol 1995; 147:545–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Pantel K, Cote RJ, Fodstad O. Detection and clinical importance of micrometastatic disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91:1113–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gibas Z, Prout GR, Connolly JG, et al. Nonrandom chromosomal changes in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Res 1984; 44:1257–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Atkin NB, Baker MC. Cytogenetic study of ten carcinomas of the bladder: involvement of chromosomes 1 and 11. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1985; 15:253–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Babu VR, Lutz MD, Miles BJ, et al. Tumor behavior in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in relation to chromosomal markers and histopathology. Cancer Res 1987; 47:6800–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Vanni R, Scarpa RM, Nieddu M, et al. Cytogenetic investigation on 30 bladder carcinomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1998; 30:35–42.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Tyrkus M, Powell I, Fakr W. Cytogenetic studies of carcinoma in situ of the bladder: prognostic implications. J Urol 1992; 148:44–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hopman AHN, Moesker O, Smeets W, et al. Numerical chromosome 1, 7, 9, and 11 aberrations in bladder cancer detected by in situ hybridization. Cancer Res 1991; 51:644–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Waldman FM, Carroll PR, Kerschmann R, et al. Centromeric copy number of chromosome 7 is strongly correlated with tumor grade and labeling index in human bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1991; 51:3807–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sauter G, Moch H, Moore D, et al. Heterogeneity of erbB-2 gene amplification in bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1993; 53:2199–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Sauter G, Carroll P, Moch H, et al. C-myc copy number gains in bladder cancer detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Am J Pathol 1995; 146:1131–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sauter G, Deng G, Moch H, et al. Physical deletion of the p53 gene in bladder cancer. Am J Pathol 1994; 144:756–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sauter G, Moch H, Wagner U, et al. Y chromosome loss detected by FISH in bladder cancer. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1995; 82:163–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Balazs M, Carroll P, Kerschmann R, et al. Frequent homozygous deletion of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2 (MTS1, p16) in superficial bladder cancer detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genes Chromosom Cancer 1997; 19:84–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wheeless LL, Reeder JE, Han R, et al. Bladder irrigation specimens assayed by fluorescence in situ hybridization to interphase nuclei. Cytometry 1994; 17:319–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kallioniemi A, Kallioniemi OP, Sudar D, et al. Comparative genomic hybridization for molecular cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors. Science 1992; 258:818–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kallioniemi A, Kallioniemi OP, Citro G, et al. Identification of gains and losses of DNA sequences in primary bladder cancer by comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosom Cancer 1995; 12:213–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Simon R, Burger H, Semjonow A, et al. Patterns of chromosomal imbalances in muscle invasive bladder cancer. Int J Oncol 2000; 17:1025–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Koo SH, Kwon KC, Ihm CH, et al. Detection of genetic alterations in bladder tumors by comparative genomic hybridization and cytogenetic analysis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1999; 110:87–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Reddy EP, Reynolds RK, Santos E, et al. A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 bladder carcinoma oncogene. Nature 1982; 300:149–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Fujita J, Srivastava SK, Kraus MH. Frequency of molecular alterations affecting ras protooncogenes in human urinary tract tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1985; 82:3849–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Nagata Y, Abe M, Kobayashi K, et al. Point mutations of c-ras genes in human bladder cancer and kidney cancer. Jap J Cancer Res 1990; 81:22–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Czerniak B, Deitch D, Simmons H, et al. Ha-ras gene codon 12 mutations and DNA ploidy in urinary bladder carcinomas. Br J Cancer 1990; 62:762–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Czerniak B, Cohen GL, Elkind P, et al. Concurrent mutations of coding and regulatory sequences of the Ha-ras gene in urinary bladder carcinomas. Hum Pathol 1992; 23:1199–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ooi A, Herz F, Setsuko I, et al. Ha-ras codon 12 mutation in papillary tumors of the urinary bladder. A retrospective study. Int J Oncol 1994; 4:85–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Fitzgerald JM, Ramchurren N, Rieger K, et al. Identification of H-ras mutations in urine sediments complements cytology in the detection of bladder tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:129–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Przybojewska B, Jagiello A, Jalmuzna P. HRAS, and N-RAS gene activation in human bladder cancers. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2000; 121:73–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cattan N, Saison-Behmoaras T, Mari B, et al. Screening of human bladder carcinomas for the presence of Ha-ras codon 12 mutation. Oncol Rep 2000; 7:497–500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Saito S, Hata M, Fukuyama R, et al. Screening of H-ras gene point mutations in 50 cases of bladder carcinoma. Int J Urol 1997; 4:178–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Neal DE, Marsh C, Bennet MK, et al. Epidermal growth-factor receptors in human bladder cancer: comparison of invasive and superficial tumors. Lancet 1985; 1:366–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Neal DE, Sharples L, Smith K, et al. The epidermal growth factor receptor and the prognosis of bladder cancer. Cancer 1990; 65:1619–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Messing EM. Clinical implications of the expression of epidermal growth factor receptors in human transitional cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 1990; 50:2530–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Rao JY, Hemstreet GP, Hurst RE, et al. Alterations in phenotypic biochemical markers in bladder epithelium during tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1993; 90:8287–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Nguyen PL, Swanson PE, Jaszcz W, et al. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a multivariate survival analysis. Am J Clin Pathol 1994; 101:166–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Thogersen VB, Jorgensen PE, Sorensen BS, et al. Expression of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor in human bladder cancer. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1999; 59:267–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Perrotte P, Matsumoto T, Inoue K, et al. Antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibody C225 inhibits angiogenesis in human transitional cellcarcinoma growing orthotopically in nude mice. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5:257–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Wood D, Wartinger DD, Reuter V, et al. DNA, RNA and immunohistochemical characterization of the HER-2/neu oncogene in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 1991; 146:1398–401.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sato K, Moriyama M, Mori S, et al. An immunohistologic evaluation of c-erbB-2 gene product in patients with urinary bladder carcinoma. Cancer 1992; 70:2493–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Underwood M, Barlett J, Reeves J, et al. CerbB-2 gene amplification: a molecular marker in recurrent bladder tumors? Cancer Res 1995; 55:2422–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Lonn U, Lonn S, Friberg S, et al. Prognostic value of amplification of c-erb-B2 in bladder carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 10:1189–94.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Miyamoto H, Kubota Y, Noguchi S, et al. CERBB-2 gene amplification as a prognostic marker in human bladder cancer. Urology 2000; 55:679–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Wagner U, Sauter G, Moch H, et al. Patterns of p53, erB-2, and EGF-r expression in premalignant lesions of the urinary bladder. Hum Pathol 1995; 26:970–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Oliner JD, Kinzler KW, Metlzer PS, et al. Amplification of a gene encoding a p53 associated protein in human sarcomas. Nature 1992; 358:80–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Haupt Y, Maya R, Kazaz A, et al. Mdm2 promotes the rapid degradation of p53. Nature 1992; 387:296–9.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Momand J, Zambetti G, Olson D, et al. The mdm-2 oncogene product forms a complex with the p-53 protein and inhibits TP53-mediated transactivation. Cell 1992; 69:1237–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lianes P, Orlow I, Zhang ZZ, et al. Altered patterns of MDM2 and TP53 expression in human bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 1325–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Barbareschi M, Girlando S, Fellin G, et al. Expression of mdm2 and p53 proteins in transitional cell carcinoma. Urology Res 1995; 22:349–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Pfister C, Larue H, Moore L, et al. Tumorigenic pathways in low-stage bladder cancer based on p53, MDM2 and p21 phenotypes. Int J Cancer 2000; 89:100–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kiemeney LA, Schoenberg M. Familial transitional cell carcinoma. J Urol 1996; 156:867–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Fearon ER, Feinberg AP, Hamilton SH, et al. Loss of genes on the short arm of chromosome 11 in bladder cancer. Nature 1985; 318:377–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Tsai YC, Nichols PW, Hiti AL, et al. Allelic losses of chromosomes 9, 11, and 17 in human bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1990; 50:44–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Olumi AF, Tsai YC, Nichols PW, et al. Allelic loss of chromosomes 17p distinguishes high grade from low grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Res 1990; 50:7081–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Presti JC, Reuter VE, Galan T, et al. Molecular genetic alterations in superficial and locally advanced human bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1991; 51:5405–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Habuchi T, Ogawa O, Kakehi Y, et al. Accumulated allelic losses in the development of invasive urothelial cancer. Int J Cancer 1993; 53:579–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ishikawa J, Xu H-J, Hu S-X, et al. Inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene in human bladder and renal cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 1991; 51:5736–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Cairns P, Proctor AJ, Knowles MA. Loss of heterozygosity at the RB locus is frequent and correlates with muscle invasion in bladder carcinoma. Oncogene 1991; 6:2305–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Cordon-Cardo C, Wartinger D, Petrylak D, et al. Altered expression of the retinoblastoma gene product is a prognostic indicator in bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84:1251–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Logothetis CJ, Xu H-J, Ro JY, et al. Altered retinoblastoma protein expression and known prognostic variables in locally advanced bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84:1256–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Xu HJ, Cairns P, Hu SX, et al. Loss of Rb protein expression in primary bladder cancer correlates with loss of heterozygosity at the Rb locus and tumor progression. Int J Cancer 1993; 53:781–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Cote RJ, Dunn MD, Chatterjee SJ, et al. Elevated and absent of pRb expression is associated with bladder cancer progression and has cooperative effects with p53. Cancer Res 1998; 58:1090–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Sidransky D, Von Eschenbach A, Tsai YC, et al. Identification of p53 gene mutations in bladder cancers and urine samples. Science 1991; 252:706–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Fujimoto K, Yamada Y, Okajima E, et al. Frequent association of p53 gene mutation in invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1992; 52:1393–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Esrig D, Spruck, CH, III, Nichols PW, et al. P53 nuclear protein accumulation correlates with mutations in the p53 gene, tumor grade, and stage in bladder cancer. Am J Pathol 1993; 143:1389–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cordon-Cardo C, Dalbagni D, Saez GT, et al. TP53 mutations in human bladder cancer: Genotypic versus phenotypic patterns. Int J Cancer 1994; 56:347–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Sarkis AS, Dalbagni G, Cordon-Cardo C, et al. Nuclear overexpression of p53 protein in transitional cell bladder carcinoma: a marker for disease progression. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85:53–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Esrig D, Elmajian D, Groshen S, et al. Accumulation of nuclear p53 and tumor progression in bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1259–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Soini Y, Turpeenniemi-Hujanan T, Kamel D, et al. p53 immunohistochemistry in transitional cell carcinoma and dysplasia of the urinary bladder correlates with disease. Br J Cancer 1993; 68:1029–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Schmitz-Drager BJ, van Roeyen CR, Grimm MO, et al. p53 accumulation in precursor lesions and early stages of bladder cancer. World J Urol 1994; 12:79–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Stein JP, Ginsberg DA, Grossfeld GD, et al. The effect of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression on tumor progression in bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:1072–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Cordon-Cardo C, Zhang ZF, Dalbagni G, et al. Cooperative effects of p53 and pRB alterations in primary superficial bladder tumors. Cancer Res 1997; 57:1217–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Cote RJ, Chatterjee SJ. Molecular determinants of outcome in bladder cancer. The Cancer J (Scient Am), 1999; 5:2–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Williams BO, Remington L, Albert DM, et al. Cooperative tumorigenic effects of germline mutations in Rb and p53. Nat Genet 1994; 7:480–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Miyao N, Tsai YC, Lerner SP, et al. Role of chromosome 9 in human bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1993; 53:4066–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Cairns P, Shaw ME, Knowles MA. Preliminary mapping of the deleted region of chromosome 9 in bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1993; 53:1230–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Orlow I, Lianes P, Lacombe L, et al. Chromosome 9 deletions and microsatellite alterations in human bladder tumors. Cancer Res 1994; 54:2848–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Kamb A, Gruis NA, Weaver-Feldhaus J, et al. A cell cycle regulator potentially involved in genesis of many tumor types. Science 1994; 264:436–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Serrano M, Hannon GJ, Beach D. A new regulatory motif in cell-cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclin D/CDK4. Nature 1993; 366:704–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Hannon GJ, Beach D. p15INK4B is a potential effector of TGF-b-induced cell cycle arrest. Nature 1994; 371:257–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Quelle DE, Zindy F, Ashum RA, et al. Alternative reading frames of the INK4A tumor suppressor gene encode two unrelated proteins capable of inducing cell cycle arrest. Cell 1995; 83:993–1000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Robertson KD, Jones PA. The human ARF cell cycle regulatory gene promoter is a CpG island which can be silenced by DNA methylation and down-regulated by wild-type p53. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:6457–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Orlow I, Lacombe L, Hannon GJ, et al. Deletion of the p16 and p15 genes in human bladder tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:1524–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Gruis NA, Weaver-Feldhaus J, Liu Q, et al. Genetic evidence in melanoma and bladder cancers that p16 and p53 function in separate pathways of tumor suppression. Am J Pathol 1995; 146:1199–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Pomerantz J, Schrieber-Agus N, Liegoeis N, et al. The Ink4a tumor suppressor gene product, p19/Arf, interacts with MDM2 and neutralizes MDM2’s inhibition of p53. Cell 1998; 92:713–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Cordon-Cardo C, Dalbagni D, Sarkis A, et al. Genetic alterations associated with bladder cancer. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Important advances in Oncology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company, 1994, pp. 71–83.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Chow NH, Cairns P, Eisenberger CF, et al. Papillary urothelial hyperplasia is a clonal precursor to papillary transitional cell bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 2000; 89:514–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Czerniak B, Li L, Chaturvedi V, et al. Genetic modeling of human urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Genes Chromosom Cancer 2000; 27:392–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Rosin MP, Cairns P, Epstein JI, et al. Partial allelotype of carcinoma in situ of the human bladder. Cancer Res 1995; 55:5213–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Fradet Y, Cordon-Cardo C. Tumor markers in the management of bladder cancer. In: Raghavan D, Scher HI, Leibel SA, et al. (eds) Principles and practice of genitourinary oncology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company, 1996, pp. 231–238.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Bonner RB, Hemstreet GP III, Fradet Y, et al. Bladder cancer risk assessment with quantitative fluorescence image analysis of tumor markers in exfoliated bladder cells. Cancer 1993; 72:2461–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Hemstreet GP III, Hurst RE, Bonner RB, et al. Alterations in phenotypic biochemical markers in bladder epithelium during tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1993; 90:8287–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Yamada T, Fukui I, Kobayashi T. The relationship of ABH(O) blood group antigen expression in intraepithelial dysplastic lesions to clinicopathologic properties of associated transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer 1991; 67:1661–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Orlow I, Lacombe L, Pellicer I, et al. Genotype and phenotype characterization of the histoblood group ABO(H) in primary bladder tumors. Int J Cancer 1998; 75:819–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Harnden P, Eardley I, Joyce AD, et al. Cytokeratin 20 as an objective marker of urothelial dysplasia. Br J Urol 1996; 78:870–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Bochner BH, Cote RJ, Weidner N, et al. Tumor angiogenesis is an independent prognostic factor in invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:1603–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Grossfeld GD, Ginsberg DA, Stein JP, et al. Thrombospondin-1 expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: association with p53 alterations, tumor angiogenesis and tumor progression. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:219–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Zhang ZT, Pak J, Shapiro E, et al. Urothelium-specific expression of an oncogene in transgenic mice induced the formation of carcinoma in situ and invasive transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 1999; 59:3512–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Prout GR Jr, Barton BA. 13-cis-retinoic acid in chemoprevention of superficial bladder cancer. The National Bladder Cancer Group. J Cell Biochem 1992; 161:148–52.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Lamm DL, Riggs DR, Shriver JS, et al. Megadose vitamins in bladder cancer: a double-blind clinical trial. J Urol 1994; 151:21–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Moon RC, Detrisac CJ, Thomas CF, et al. Chemoprevention of experimental bladder cancer. J Cell Biochem 1992; 161:134–8.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Kensler TW, Helzlsouer KJ. Oltipraz: clinical opportunities for cancer chemoprevention. J Cell Biochem 1995; 22:101–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Komhoff M, Guan Y, Shappell HW, et al. Enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in high grade human transitional cell bladder carcinomas. Am J Pathol 2000; 157:29–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Mohammed SI, Knapp DW, Bostwick DG, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in human invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder. Cancer Res 2000; 59:5647–50.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Okajima E, Denda A, Ozono S, et al. Chemopreventive effects of nimesulide, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on the development of rat urinary bladder carcinomas initiated by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine. Cancer Res 1998; 58:3028–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Grossman HB. New methods of detection of bladder cancer. Semin Urol Oncol 1998; 16:17–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Ramakumar S, Bhuiyan J, Besse JA, et al. Comparison of screening methods in the detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 1999; 161:388–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Ellis WJ, Blumenstein BA, Ishak LM. Clinical evaluation of the BTA TRAK assay and comparison to voided urine cytology and the Bard BTA test in patients with recurrent bladder tumors. Urology 1997; 50:882–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Keese SK, Briggman JV, Thill G, et al. Utilization of nuclear matrix proteins for cancer diagnosis. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 1996; 6:189–214.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Ewing R, Tate GM, Hetherington JW. Urinary fibrin/fribrinogen degradation products in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Br J Urol 1987; 59:53–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Jayachandran S, Unni Moopan MM, Wax SH, et al. The value of urinary fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products as tumor markers in urothelial carcinoma. J Urol 1984; 132:21–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Schmetter BS, Habicht KK, Lamm DL, et al. A multicenter trial evaluation of the fibrin/ fibrinogen degradation products test for detection and monitoring of bladder cancer. J Urol 1997; 158:801–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Lokeshwar VB, Obek C, Soloway MS, et al. Tumor associated hyaluronic acid: a new sensitive and specific urine marker for bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1997; 57:773–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Pham HT, Block NL, Lokeshaw VB, et al. Tumor-derived hyaluronidase: a diagnostic urine marker for high grade bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1997; 57:778–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Lokeshwar VB, Block NL: HA-Haase urine test: A sensitive and specific method for detecting bladder cancer and evaluating its grade. Urol Clin NA 2000; 27:53–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Ambrosini G, Adida C, Altieri DC. A novel antiapoptosis gene, survivin, expressed in cancer and lymphoma. Nat Med 1997; 17:2941–53.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Swana HS, Grossman D, Anthony JN, et al. Tumor content of the antiapoptosis molecule survivin and recurrence of bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:452–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Smith SD, Wheeler MA, Plescia J, et al. Urine detection of survivin and diagnosis of bladder cancer. JAMA 2000; 285:324–8.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pohar, K.S., Cordon-Cardo, C. (2002). Bladder. In: Franco, E.L., Rohan, T.E. (eds) Cancer Precursors. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21605-7_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21605-7_22

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-95188-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-21605-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics