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Acquisition and Diffusion of CO2 in Higher Plant Leaves

  • Chapter
Photosynthesis

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 9))

Summary

Acquisition of CO2 by higher plants involves CO2 diffusion from the air into leaves and, ultimately, into chloroplasts. There, fixation of CO2 into organic compounds creates the concentration gradient which drives CO2 diffusion. CO2 encounters many obstructions along its diffusion path toward chloroplasts. The diffusion resistances attributable to boundary layer and stomata are shared with the opposing flux of water leaving the leaf. Once in the substomatal cavities, however, CO2 faces additional resistances since it has to cross walls and membranes to reach the chloroplasts. We follow the CO2 molecule from the air through the boundary layer, stomata and, finally, the mesophyll. After providing diverse anatomical examples at each level, we review the current understanding about the subtle balance which plants maintain between water loss and CO2 acquisition.

Stomatal responses to many environmental variables are well known, despite our lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Techniques areavailable that allow accurate measurements of conductances through the boundary layer and stomata. The estimation of conductance through the mesophyll, however, has not been feasible until the recent development of rapid measurements of isotopic discrimination and chlorophyll fluorescence. We discuss the principles which allow the estimation of internal conductance based on these techniques and the data available. Both stomatal conductance and internal conductance correlate strongly with photosynthetic capacity and are of similar magnitude. However, stomatal conductance can vary within minutes in response to changes in the environment. Internal conductance, on the other hand, seems to be stable over several days and depends on anatomical properties of the leaf. We close considering the special case of photosynthesis where spatial compartmentation and biochemical mechanisms of CO2 concentration add complexity to the estimation of internal conductance.

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Abbreviations

Δ, Δ1:

carbon isotope discrimination, carbon isotope discrimination predicted from P a

Γ, Γ:

CO2 compensation point, CO2 compensation point in the absence of respiration R

øPSII:

photochemical efficiency of Photosystem II

A:

rate of CO2 assimilation

E:

rate of transpiration

gb, gg, gw:

boundary layer conductance, stromatal conductance, internal conductance

J, JF:

rate of electron transport, rate of electron transport calculated from chlorophyll fluorescence

LMA:

leaf dry mass per unit area

pa, p3, p1, pc:

partial pressures of CO2 in the air surrounding the leaf, at the leaf surface, in the substomatal cavities, at the sites of carboxylation, respectively

R:

rate of non-photorespiratory CO2 evolution (rate of respiration)

Sc, Smax:

surface area of chloroplasts exposed to intercellular airspace per unit leaf area, surface area of mesophyll cells exposed to intercellular airspace/per unit leaf area

VPD:

leaf to air vapor pressure difference

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Biology, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, GPO Box 475, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia

    John R Evans

  2. CNR-Istituto di Biochimica ed Ecofisiologia Vegetali, Via Salaria Km. 29.300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy

    Francesco Loreto

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  1. John R Evans
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  2. Francesco Loreto
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Robert Hill Institute, University of Sheffield, UK

    Richard C. Leegood

  2. Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, USA

    Thomas D. Sharkey

  3. Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Australia

    Susanne von Caemmerer

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Evans, J.R., Loreto, F. (2000). Acquisition and Diffusion of CO2 in Higher Plant Leaves. In: Leegood, R.C., Sharkey, T.D., von Caemmerer, S. (eds) Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48137-5_14

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48137-5_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-6143-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48137-6

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