Graph Theory-based Routing Algorithms and Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Many individuals die and are wounded in road accidents daily all over the globe. The primary motive for innovating vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is to transmit road security knowledge among automobiles to avoid fatalities and increase road safety. VANETs are an intriguing technology for enabling vehicle-to-vehicle communication on the road. VANETs have several appealing and distinct characteristics, including typically increased transmission capacity, greater computational capabilities, and some form of predictable mobility. The peculiar functionality and attributes of VANETs constitute considerable operational constraints that must be overcome to operate these networks efficiently. The most difficult problem may be the excessive movement and constant changes in the network's topology. Whenever the vehicles within VANET switch lanes or pace, the topology of the network changes depending on the circumstances of the road and the operators, and they are not normally planned ahead of time. Hence, using graph theory to evaluate VANET dynamic topology is particularly efficient and paves the way for effective solutions for the hurdles mentioned above. By modeling VANETs as graphs, graph theory techniques are used to perform more complicated and in-depth analyses of reality. The topological features of a VANET are studied using graph theory, in which the vehicles and associated communication lines are represented as edges and vertices in a graph, accordingly. A new graph-theoretical framework involves the evolving graph capable of capturing the variable function of a dynamic network with predictable motion. The VANET dynamics can be assessed using the fundamental transport network and vehicle data. Hence, regarding VANET as a projected pattern dynamic topology, evolving graph concepts are deployed to construct an effective routing algorithm. Furthermore, an EG-RAODV protocol that relies on VoEG assures the VANET aggregate QoS, as it constructs the most consistent path from source to target. Furthermore, for inter-vehicle interactions, an innovative, coherent routing protocol is known as CRP delivers a stable and accurate route across the source and target. A source node anticipates a reliable way among surrounding nodes centered on link reliability values and graph traversals. This algorithm is intended to work in a congested metropolitan setting and outperforms all other currently used algorithms. In conclusion, the graph-based techniques perform well as easily generalized into circumstances that are too complicated to be represented by a rigid optimization method. However, many sophisticated and integrated approaches are still needed for successful implementation. Researchers and practitioners are welcome to contribute innovative solutions for the same.