Abstract
Industrial process emissions reflect all the nonenergy ways in which industrial production results in the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. For example, natural gas leaks from pipelines and methane produced by enteric fermentation in livestock are types of process emissions. For purposes of this chapter, agriculture and waste management are each treated as an industry, although some reports classify these economic activities differently. Whereas the majority of energy-related emissions consist of carbon dioxide (CO2), process emissions are a mixture of CO2, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and various fluorinated gases (F-gases) with high global warming potentials, often used as refrigerants and propellants.
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Notes
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Ibid.
- 20.
Ibid.
- 21.
Ibid.
- 22.
“Municipal Wastewater Methane: Reducing Emissions, Advancing Recovery and Use Opportunities” (Global Methane Initiative, 2013), https://www.globalmethane.org/documents/ww_fs_eng.pdf.
- 23.
Ibid.
- 24.
Ibid.
- 25.
“Enteric Fermentation-Greenhouse Gases.”
- 26.
Jeanette Fitzsimons, “Can We Make Steel without Coal?” (Coal Action Network Aotearoa, 2013), http://coalaction.org.nz/carbon-emissions/can-we-make-steel-without-coal.
- 27.
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- 41.
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- 42.
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- 44.
Ibid.
- 45.
“Dairy Digester Research and Development Program (DDRDP)” (California State Department of Food and Agriculture), accessed December 23, 2017, https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/ddrdp/.
- 46.
Ibid.
- 47.
“2017 Dairy Digester Research and Development Program: Projects Selected for Award of Funds" (California State Department of Food and Agriculture, 2017), https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/ddrdp/docs/2016-Fact-Sheet.pdf.
- 48.
“2017 Dairy Digester Research and Development Program.”
- 49.
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- 50.
Ibid.
- 51.
Felix Ter Heegde and Kai Sonder, “Biogas for a Better Life: An African Initiative” (SNV, 2007), http://www.snv.org/public/cms/sites/default/files/explore/download/20070520-biogas-potential-and-need-in-africa.pdf.
- 52.
Ibid.
- 53.
“National Domestic Biogas Programme-Zimbabwe.”
- 54.
Ibid.
- 55.
“Forging Partnerships for Renewable Energy in Zimbabwe” (United Nations Development Programme, 2014), http://www.zw.undp.org/content/zimbabwe/en/home/presscenter/articles/2014/11/10/forging-partnerships-for-renewable-energy-in-zimbabwe.html.
- 56.
“Biogas Digesters Promote Clean Energy” (Hivos, 2015), https://www.hivos.org/news/biogas-digesters-promote-clean-energy.
- 57.
“EPA’s Actions to Reduce Methane Emissions from the Oil and Natural Gas Industry: Final Rules and Draft Information Collection Request” (U.S. EPA, 2016), https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/nsps-overview-fs.pdf.
- 58.
An organic vapor analyzer detects volatile organic compounds (VOCs), not methane, but VOC leaks are associated with methane leaks.
- 59.
“EPAs Actions to Reduce Methane Emissions from the Oil and Natural Gas Industry.”
- 60.
“Green Completions.”
- 61.
Ibid.
- 62.
“EPAs Actions to Reduce Methane Emissions from the Oil and Natural Gas Industry.”
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© 2018 Hal Harvey, Robbie Orvis, and Jeffrey Rissman
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Harvey, H., Orvis, R., Rissman, J. (2018). Industrial Process Emission Policies. In: Designing Climate Solutions. Island Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-957-9_13
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