Abstract
Speakers’ Corner, Hyde Park, London (2013). (Alexander Garvin)
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Notes
- 1.
Mike Lydon and Anthony Garcia, Tactical Urbanism: Short-Term Action for Long-Term Change (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2015).
- 2.
Neville Braybrooke, London Green (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1959), 49.
- 3.
Ibid., 54–55.
- 4.
Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, eds., The London Encylopaedia (London: Macmillan London Limited, 1993), 414, 660–664.
- 5.
Alexander Garvin, The American City: What Works, What Doesn’t, 3rd ed. (New York, McGraw-Hill Education, 2013), 220–228.
- 6.
Michael Kimmelman, “In Istanbul’s Heart, Leader’s Obsession, Perhaps Achilles’ Heel,” New York Times, June 7, 2013.
- 7.
City of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2012 (in Danish), 2013.
- 8.
Jan Gehl, Lars Gemzoe, Sia Kirknaes, and Britt Sondergaard, New City Life (Copenhagen: The Danish Architectural Press, 2006), 24.
- 9.
City of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2010 (in Danish), 2011.
- 10.
- 11.
Lesley Bain, Barbara Gray, and Dave Rodgers, Living Streets: Strategies for Crafting Public Space (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2012), 99.
- 12.
W. Bruce Lincoln, Sunlight at Midnight: St. Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia (New York, Basic Books, 2002), 113–114.
- 13.
Maria Teresa, City Squares of the World (Verscelli, Italy: White Star Publishers, 2000), 122.
- 14.
Ibid., 190–191.
- 15.
Ibid., 248.
- 16.
Michael Webb, The City Square: A Historical Evolution (New York: The Whitney Library of Design, 1990), 168.
- 17.
Caroline Brooke, Moscow: A Cultural History (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006), 33–58.
- 18.
Ibid., 33.
- 19.
Times Square Alliance, http://www.timessquarenyc.org/index.aspx.
- 20.
David Freeland, Automats, Taxi Dances, and Vaudeville: Excavating Manhattan’s Lost Places of Leisure (New York: New York University Press, 2009), 70–127.
- 21.
Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 1149.
- 22.
Ric Burns and James Sanders, New York: An Illustrated History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), 347–351.
- 23.
David Freeland, Automats, 166.
- 24.
Garvin, The American City, 511–513.
- 25.
Lynne B. Sagalyn, Times Square Roulette: Remaking the City Icon (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2001).
- 26.
Times Square Alliance, Twenty Years: Twenty Principles (New York: Times Square Alliance, 2013), 6. (http://www.timessquarenyc.org/)
- 27.
Interview with Tim Tompkins, president, Times Square Alliance, March 26, 2014.
- 28.
Samuel I. Schwartz with William Rosen, Street Smart: The Rise of Cities and the Fall of Cars (New York: Public Affairs, 2015), 138, 166.
- 29.
Andrew Tangel and Josh Dawsey, “At Times Square, Fewer Traffic Injuries,” Wall Street Journal, New York, August 25, 2015.
- 30.
Times Square Alliance, personal communication. (http://www.timessquarenyc.org/)
- 31.
Ibid.
- 32.
Ibid.
- 33.
Police Commissioner William J. Bratton, “Policing ‘Awful but Lawful’ Times Square Panhandling,” Wall Street Journal, New York, September 5–6, 2015, p. A11.
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Heinberg, R. (2016). Nurturing and Supporting a Civil Society. In: What Makes a Great City. Island Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-759-9_8
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