Abstract
The long shadow cast by British Petroleum’s 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, perhaps the largest environmental disaster wrought by the petroleum industry to date, brings into question the calculation of costs against gains earned from offshore oil and gas drilling. Truthfully, however, the question is moot. Today’s industrial nations depend on oil. The inevitable shift of balance away from fossil fuels toward renewables is likely decades away. In the interim, fossil fuels will remain an important part of the energy mix driving global development.
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Notes
- 1.
William Freudenburg and Robert Gramling, Blowout in the Gulf: The BP Oil Spill Disaster and the Future of Energy in America (Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press, 2012).
- 2.
US EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2013 (see ch. 4, n. 15).
- 3.
Ibid.
- 4.
Freudenburg and Gramling, Blowout in the Gulf; US EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2013 (see ch. 4, n. 15); Donald Boesch and Nancy Rabalais, eds., Long-Term Environmental Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development (London and New York: Elsevier Applied Science, 1987); National Research Council, ed., Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates, and Effects (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2003); Frode Olsgard and John Gray, “A Comprehensive Analysis of the Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration and Production on the Benthic Communities of the Norwegian Continental Shelf,” Marine Ecology Progress Series 122 (1995): 277–306.
- 5.
Patricia Miloslavich, Eduardo Klein, Edgard Yerena, and Alberto Martin, “Biodiversidad marina en Venezuela: Estado actual y perspectivas” (“Marine Biodiversity in Venezuela: Status and Perspectives”), Gayana 67, no. 2 (2003): 275–301; Eduardo Klein, Prioridades de PDVSA en la conservación de la biodiversidad en el caribe venezolano (Caracas, Venezuela: Petróleos de Venezuela, SA/Universidad Simón Bolívar/The Nature Conservancy, 2008), http://cbm.usb.ve/sv/prioridades-de-pdvsa-en-la-conservacion-de-la-biodiversidad-en-el-caribe-venezolano/; Eduardo Klein and Juan José Cárdenas, eds. Identificación de la prioridades de conservación asociadas a los ecosistemas de las Fachada Atlántica y a su biodiversidad” (Universidad Simón Bolívar–The Nature Conservancy, 2011), http://cbm.usb.ve/sv/identificacion-de-la-prioridades-de-conservacion-asociadas-a-los-ecosistemas-de-las-fachada-atlantica-y-a-su-biodiversidad/.
- 6.
Klein, Prioridades de PDVSA; Klein and Cárdenas, Identificación de la prioridades.
- 7.
Craig Groves, Drafting a Conservation Blueprint: A Practitioner’s Guide to Planning for Biodiversity (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2003); Kiesecker et al., “Development by Design” (see ch. 1, n. 5).
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Michael Heiner, Yunden Bayarjargal, Joseph Kiesecker, Davaa Galbadrakh, Nyamsuren Batsaikhan, Ganbaatar Munkhzul, Ichinkhorloo Odonchimeg, Oidov Enkhtuya, Donchinbuu Enkhbat, Henrik von Wehrden, Richard Reading, Kirk Olson, Rodney Jackson, Jeffrey Evans, Bruce McKenney, James Oakleaf, and Kei Sochi, “Identifying Conservation Priorities in the Face of Future Development: Applying Development by Design in the Mongolian Gobi” (The Nature Conservancy, 2013), http://www.nature.org/media/smart-development/development-by-design-gobi-english.pdf.
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Leanne Fernandes, Jon Day, Adam Lewis, Suzanne Slegers, Brigid Kerrigan, Dan Breen, Darren Cameron, Belinda Jago, James Hall, Dave Lowe, James Innes, John Tanzer, Virgina Chadwick, Leanne Thompson, Kerrie Gorman, Mark Simmons, Bryony Barnett, Kirsti Sampson, Glenn De’ath, Bruce Mapstone, Helene Marsh, Hugh Possingham, Ian Ball, Trevor Ward, Kirstin Dobbs, James Aumend, Deb Slater, and Kate Stapleton, “Establishing Representative No-Take Areas in the Great Barrier Reef: Large-Scale Implementation of Theory on Marine Protected Areas,” Conservation Biology 19, no. 6 (2005): 1733–44, doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00302.x.
- 10.
Melissa Foley, Benjamin Halpern, Fiorenza Micheli, Matthew Armsby, Margaret Caldwell, Caitlin Crain, Erin Prahler, Nicole Rohr, Deborah Sivas, Michael Beck, Mark Carr, Larry Crowder, J. Emmett Duffy, Sally Hacker, Karen McLeod, Stephen Palumbi, Charles Peterson, Helen Regan, Mary Ruckelshaus, Paul Sandifer, and Robert Steneck, “Guiding Ecological Principles for Marine Spatial Planning,” Marine Policy 34, no. 5 (2010): 955–66.
- 11.
Klein, Prioridades de PDVSA.
- 12.
Klein and Cárdenas, Identificación de la prioridades.
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Klein, E. et al. (2017). Planning for Offshore Oil. In: Kiesecker, J.M., Naugle, D.E. (eds) Energy Sprawl Solutions. Island Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-723-0_6
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