Abstract
This book has presented a case that automobile dependence is ending. It rose, it peaked, and it is now in decline. This represents the fall of one of the most transformative urban planning paradigms the world has ever seen, certainly of the twentieth century. It suggests that this is happening because of a combination of limits due to space and time as well as resources like oil, but most importantly because of economic and cultural change that is favoring more-intensive modes of transportation (rail, cycling, and walking) that thrive, along with the rapidly growing people-intensive economy, in areas with more intensive land use. In other words, these cultural and economic changes are happening in walking and transit city fabrics, but not in automobile city fabrics.
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Notes
- 1.
See: Sarah Gilbert, “Carscape: How the motor car reshaped England—in pictures,” Guardian (Online), 12 Feb 2014, theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/feb/12/carscape-how-the-motor-car-reshaped-england-in-pictures?index = 1 (Accessed 27 Jun 2014).
- 2.
The organization Carbon Tracker examines stranded assets due to the use of all fossil fuels. See: Carbon Tracker (Online), Carbon Tracker Initiative, 2014, carbontracker.org (Accessed 2 Mar 2015).
- 3.
See: James Fishkin, Baogang He, Robert C. Luskin, and Alice Siu, “Notes and Comments—Deliberative Democracy in an Unlikely Place: Deliberative Polling in China,” British Journal of Political Science 40 (2010): 435–48, chinesedemocratization.com/Baogang-English%20articles/6.BJPS-Deliberative%20Democracy%20in%20an%20Unlikely%20Place.pdf (Accessed 2 Mar 2015).
- 4.
See: Michael Sivak, Has Motorization in the U.S. Peaked? Part 6: Relationship between Road Transportation and Economic Activity (online), University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Dec 2014, deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/110116/103145.pdf?sequence = 1&isAllowed = y (Accessed 2 Mar 2015).
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© 2015 Peter Newman and Jeffrey Kenworthy
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Newman, P., Kenworthy, J. (2015). The End of Automobile Dependence:. In: The End of Automobile Dependence. Island Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-613-4_7
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