Abstract
Of all conservation strategies currently practiced throughout the world, reintroductions require the most sophisticated understanding of species biology and ecology (Falk et al. 1996). Whether augmenting existing populations, reintroducing within a species’ known range, or introducing to a location outside the known range, finding optimal sites for long-term survival, growth, reproduction, and establishment of new populations is often “not as self-evident as it might otherwise seem” (Fiedler and Laven 1996, p. 157). Identifying appropriate habitat is essential to establish sustainable populations in existing or new locations, and yet for many species of conservation concern habitat needs are unknown. This uncertainty takes on even more importance in the context of contemporary and projected near-term changes in landscape and regional climate (Giorgi and Francisco 2000; Millar et al. 2007).
References
Falk, D. A., C. I. Millar, and M. Olwell. 1996. Restoring Diversity: Strategies for Reintroduction of Endangered Plants. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Fiedler, P. L., and R. D. Laven. 1996. Selecting reintroduction sites. In Restoring Diversity: Strategies for Reintroduction of Endangered Plants, edited by D. A. Falk, C. I. Millar, and M. Olwell, 157–170. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Giorgi, F., and R. Francisco. 2000. Uncertainties in regional climate change prediction: A regional analysis of ensemble simulations with the HADCM2 coupled AOGCM. Climate Dynamics 16:69–182.
Millar, C. I., N. L. Stephenson, and S. L. Stephens. 2007. Climate change and forests of the future: Managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecological Applications 17:2145–51.
Lambers, H., F. S. Chapin III, and T. L. Pons. 1998. Plant Physiological Ecology. New York: Springer.
Antonelli, A., J. A. A. Nylander, C. Persson, and I. Sanmartin. 2009. Tracing the impact of the Andean uplift on Neotropical plant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:9749–54.
MacArthur, R. H. 1972. Geographical Ecology: Patterns in the Distribution of Species. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Woodward, F. I. 1987. Climate and Plant Distribution. Cambridge Studies in Ecology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Ohmann, J. L., and T. A. Spies. 1998. Regional gradient analysis and spatial patterns of woody plant communities of Oregon forests. Ecological Monographs 68(2):151–82.
Huston, M. A. 1999. Local processes and regional patterns: Appropriate scales for understanding variation in the diversity of plants and animals. Oikos 86:393–401.
Cornwell, W. K., and P. J. Grubb. 2003. Regional and local patterns in plant species richness with respect to resource availability. Oikos 100:417–28.
Parmesan, C. 2006. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37:637–69.
Colwell, R. K., and T. F. Rangel. 2009. Hutchinson’s duality: The once and future niche. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 106(Suppl 2):19651–58.
Hutchinson, G. E. 1957. Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium Quantitative Biology 22:415–27.
Jackson, S. T., and J. T. Overpeck. 2000. Responses of plant populations and communities to environmental changes of the late Quaternary. Paleobiology 26:194–220.
Pulliam, H. R. 2000. On the relationship between niche and distribution. Ecology Letters 3:349–61.
Case, T. J., and M. E. Gilpin. 1974. Interference competition and niche theory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 71:3073–77.
Louda, S. M. 1982. Distribution ecology: Variation in plant recruitment over a gradient in relation to insect seed predation. Ecological Monographs 52:25–41.
Dangremond, E. M., E. A. Pardini, and T. M. Knight. 2010. Apparent competition with an invasive plant hastens the extinction of an endangered lupine. Ecology 91:2261–71.
Brown, J. H., and A. Kodric-Brown. 1977. Turnover rates in insular biogeography: Effects of immigration on extinction. Ecology 58:445–49.
Hanski, I. 1999. Metapopulation Ecology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Davis, M. B., and R. G. Shaw. 2001. Range shifts and adaptive responses to Quaternary climate change. Science 292:673–79.
Morin, X., and M. J. Lechowicz. 2008. Contemporary perspectives on the niche that can improve models of species range shifts under climate change. Biology Letters 4:573–76.
Silvertown, J., M. Dodd, D. Gowing, C. Lawson, and K. McConway. 2006. Phylogeny and the hierarchical organization of plant diversity. Ecology 87:S39-49.
Whittaker, R. H. 1975. The design and stability of plant communities. In Unifying Concepts in Ecology, edited by W. H. van Dobben and R. H. Lowe-McConnell, 169–74. The Hague, The Netherlands: Junk.
Morin, X., C. Augspurger, and I. Chuine. 2007. Process-based modeling for tree species’ distributions. What limits temperate tree species’ range boundaries? Ecology 88:2280–91.
Baskin, C. C., and J. M. Baskin. 1998. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Goodman, J. L., S. J. Wright, and J. Maschinski. 2007. Assessing Impacts on Populations and Taking Conservation Steps for the Endangered Key Tree Cactus (Pilosocereus robinii): Sept 2007. Vero Beach: US Fish and Wildlife Service, South Florida Ecological Services Office.
Beckage, B., W. J. Patt, M. G. Slocum, and B. Panko. 2003. Influence of the El Nino southern oscillation on fire regimes in the Florida Everglades. Ecology 84:3124–30.
Li, Z., and M. Kafatos. 2000. Interannual variability of vegetation in the United States and its relation to El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Remote Sensing of Environment 71:239–47.
Hobbs, R. J., and D. A. Norton. 1996. Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 4:93–110.
Suding, K. N., and K. L. Gross. 2006. The dynamic nature of ecological systems: Multiple states and restoration trajectories. In Foundations of Restoration Ecology, edited by D. A. Falk, M. A. Palmer, and J. B. Zedler, 190–209. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Temperton, V. M., R. J. Hobbs, T. Nuttle, and S. Halle, eds. 2004. Assembly Rules and Restoration Ecology: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice. Washington, DC: Island Press.
White, P. S., and A. Jentsch. 2004. Disturbance, succession and community assembly in terrestrial plant communities. In Assembly Rules and Restoration Ecology, edited by V. M. Temperton, R. J. Hobbs, T. Nuttle, and S. Halle, 342–66. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Holling, C. S. 1996. Surprise for science, resilience for ecosystems, and incentives for people. Ecological Applications 6:733–35.
Bond, W. J., and J. E. Keeley. 2005. Fire as a global “herbivore”: The ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20:387–94.
Keddy, P. 2001. Competition. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
Maron, J. L., and E. Crone. 2006. Herbivory: Effects on plant abundance, distribution and population growth. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273:2575–84.
Grubb, P. J. 1977. The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: The importance of the regeneration niche. Biological Reviews 52:107–45.
Veblen, T. T. 1992. Regeneration dynamics. In Plant Succession: Theory and Prediction, edited by D. C. Glenn-Lewin, R. K. Peet, and T. T. Veblen, 152–87. London: Chapman & Hall.
Wendelberger, K. S., and J. Maschinski. 2009. Linking GIS, observational and experimental studies to determine optimal seedling microsites of an endangered plant in a subtropical urban fire-adapted ecosystem. Restoration Ecology 17:845–53.
Tilman, D. 2004. Niche tradeoffs, neutrality, and community structure: A stochastic theory of resource competition, invasion, and community assembly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 101:10854–61.
Turner, M. G. 2010. Disturbance and landscape dynamics in a changing world. Ecology 91(10):2833–49.
McKenzie, D., C. Miller, and D. A. Falk. 2010. The Landscape Ecology of Fire. Ecological Studies Series. New York: Springer.
Soberon, J. 2007. Grinnellian and Eltonian niches and geographic distributions of species. Ecology Letters 10:1115–23.
Grinnell, J. 1917. The niche-relationships of the California thrasher. Auk 34:427–33.
Elton, C. 1927. Animal Ecology. London: Sedgwick and Jackson.
Pulliam, H. R. 1988. Sources, sinks and population regulation. American Naturalist 132:652–61.
Tilman, D. 1988. Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Pickett, S. T. A. 1980. Non-equilibrium co-existence of plants. Bulletin Torrey Botanic Club 107:238–48.
Russell, S. K., and E. W. Schupp. 1998. Effects of microhabitat patchiness on patterns of seed dispersal and seed predation of Cercocarpus ledifolius (Rosaceae). Oikos 81:434–43.
Gomez-Aparicio, L., R. Zamora, J. M. Gomez, J. A. Hodar, J. Castro, and E. Baraza. 2004. Applying plant facilitation to forest restoration: A meta-analysis of the use of shrubs as nurse plants. Ecological Applications 14:1128–38.
Kephart, S., and C. Paladino. 1997. Demographic change and microhabitat variability in a grassland endemic, Silene douglasii var. oraria (Caryophyllaceae). American Journal of Botany 84:179–89.
Baraloto, C., and D. E. Goldberg. 2004. Microhabitat associations and seedling bank dynamics in a neotropical forest. Oecologia 141:701–12.
Maschinski, J., S. J. Wright, K. S. Wendelberger, H. E. B. Thornton, and A. Muir. 2003. Conservation of South Florida Endangered and Threatened Flora: Final report. Gainesville: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Contract #007182.
Pipoly, J. I., J. Maschinski, J. B. Pascarella, S. J. Wright, and J. Fisher. 2006. Demography of Coastal Dunes Vines: Endangered Jacquemontia reclinata, Endangered Okenia hypogaea, and Threatened Cyperus pedunculatus, from South Florida. Final report to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Tallahassee, FL.
Iriondo, J. M., M. J. Alber, and A. Escudero. 2003. Structural equation modeling: An alternative for assessing causal relationships in threatened plant populations. Biological Conservation 113:367–77.
Batllori, E., J. J. Camarero, J. M. Ninot, and E. Gutierrez. 2009. Seedling recruitment, survival and facilitation in alpine Pinus uncinata tree line ecotones: Implications and potential responses to climate warming. Global Ecology and Biogeography 18:460–72.
Collins, S. L., and R. E. Good. 1987. The seedling regeneration niche: Habitat structure of tree seedlings in an oak-pine forest. Oikos 48:89–98.
Wright, S. J. 2003a. Attributes of wild J. reclinata plants and associated habitats/microenvironments. In Restoration of Jacquemontia reclinata to the South Florida Ecosystem. Final Report to the US Fish and Wildlife Service for Grant Agreement 1448-40181-99- G-173, edited by J. Maschinski, S. J. Wright, and H. Thornton, 97–100. Vero Beach, FL: Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden.
Wright, S. J. 2003b. Effects of environmental gradients within the coastal dune on survivorship of outplantings. In Restoration of Jacquemontia reclinata to the South Florida Ecosystem. Final Report to the US Fish and Wildlife Service for Grant Agreement 1448-40181-99-G-173, edited by J. Maschinski, S. J. Wright, and H. Thornton, 184–88. Vero Beach, FL: Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden.
Larkin, D., G. Vivian-Smith, and J. B. Zedler. 2006. Topographic heterogeneity theory and ecological restoration. In Foundations of Restoration Ecology, edited by D. A. Falk, M. A. Palmer, and J. B. Zedler, 142–64, Washington, DC: Island Press.
Wendelberger, K. S., M. Q. N. Fellows, and J. Maschinski. 2008. Rescue and restoration: Experimental translocation of Amorpha herbacea Walter var. crenulata (Rybd.) Isley into a novel urban habitat. Restoration Ecology 16:542–52.
Marsico, T. D., and J. J. Hellmann. 2009. Dispersal limitation inferred from an experimental translocation of Lomatium (Apiaceae) species outside their geographic ranges. Oikos 118:1783–92.
Matyas, C., and C. W. Yeatman. 1992. Effect of geographical transfer on growth and survival of jackpine Pinus banksiana Lamb. populations. Silvae Genetica 41:370–76.
Ackerly, D. D. 2003. Community assembly, niche conservatism, and adaptive evolution in changing environments. International Journal of Plant Science 164:S163-84.
Falk, D. A. 1990. Integrated strategies for conserving plant genetic diversity. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77:38–47.
Thomson, A. M., and W. H. Parker. 2008. Boreal forest provenance tests used to predict optimal growth and response to climate change. 1. Jack pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38:157–70.
Harper, J. L. 1977. Population Biology of Plants. New York: Academic Press.
Molofsky, J., and C. K. Augspurger. 1992. The effect of leaf litter on early seedling establishment in a tropical forest. Ecology 73:68–77.
Renison, D., A. M. Cingolani, R. Suarez, E. Menoyo, C. Coutsiers, A. Sobral, and I. Hensen. 2005. The restoration of degraded mountain woodlands: Effects of seed provenance and microsite characteristics on Polylepis australis seedling survival and growth in central Argentina. Restoration Ecology 13:129–37.
Akasaka, M., and S. Tsuyuzaki. 2005. Tree seedling performance in microhabitats along an elevational gradient on Mount Koma, Japan. Journal of Vegetation Science 16:647–54.
Gann, G. D., K. A. Bradley, and S. W. Woodmansee. 2002. Rare Plants of South Florida: Their History, Conservation, and Restoration. Miami, FL: The Institute for Regional Conservation.
Possley, J., and J. Maschinski. 2009. Year 6 Report: Biological Monitoring for Plant Conservation in Miami-Dade County Natural Areas. Prepared by Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden for Miami-Dade County Resolution #R-808-07.
Beyra Matos, A. 1998. Las leguminosas (Fabaceae) de Cuba, II. Tribus Crotalarieae, Aeschynoimeneae, Millettieae y Robinieae. Institute Botanica. Collectanea Botanica 24:263.
Maschinski, J. 2006. Implications of population dynamic and metapopulation theory for restoration. In Foundations of Restoration Ecology, edited by D. A. Falk, M. A. Palmer, and J. B. Zedler, 59–87. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Araujo, M., and A. Guisan. 2006. Five (or so) challenges for species distribution modeling. Journal of Biogeography 33:1677–88.
Gaston, K. J. 1994. Rarity. London: Springer.
Martinez-Meyer, E., A. T. Peterson, J. I. Servin, and L. F. Kiff. 2006. Ecological niche modeling and prioritizing areas for species reintroductions. Oryx 40:411–18.
MacDonald, G. M., and R. A. Case. 2005. Variations in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation over the past millennium. Geophysical Research Letters 32:L08703.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Island Press
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Maschinski, J., Falk, D.A., Wright, S.J., Possley, J., Roncal, J., Wendelberger, K.S. (2012). Optimal Locations for Plant Reintroductions in a Changing World. In: Maschinski, J., Haskins, K.E., Raven, P.H. (eds) Plant Reintroduction in a Changing Climate. The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration. Island Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-183-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-183-2_7
Publisher Name: Island Press, Washington, DC
Print ISBN: 978-1-59726-343-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-61091-183-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)