Abstract
In theory, mitigation bankers could hardly complain about competition. Mitigation banking, after all, was pitched as a market-based approach, and the market assumes competition. And they believed they delivered a quality product. If mitigation bankers were not providing advance mitigation, they were at a minimum providing more timely mitigation and were subjected to the MBRT interagency review process. What really concerned the mitigation bankers was not competition per se, but what they perceived as unfair competition. They believed that other mitigation providers, such as those operating in-lieu fee programs, were getting a relatively free pass from regulating agencies. In their view, in-lieu fee programs were not being held to the same standards and were undercutting the market for wetland credits (Urban and Ryan, 1999).
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Selected References and Further Reading
Chapter 1
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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Chapter 7
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Scodari, P., L. Shabman, and D. White. (1995).National Wetlands Mitigation Banking Study—Commercial Wetland Mitigation Credit Markets: Theory and Practice. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Water Resources.
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U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Interior, and U.S. Department of Commerce. (1995). “Federal Guidance for the Establishment, Use and Operation of Mitigation Banks.”Federal Registervol 60:228, pp58605–58614.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of the Army. (1993). Memorandum to the Field, Subject: Establishment and Useof Wetland Mitigation Banks in the Clean Water Act Section 404 Regulatory Program. Washington, D.C..
U.S. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2003). Federal Guidance on the Useof the TEA-21 Preference for Mitigation Banking to Fulfill Mitigation Requirements under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Washington, D.C.
Wilkinson, J. and J. Thompson. (2006). 2005Status Report on Compensatory Mitigation in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Law Institute.
Chapter 8
Environmental Law Institute. (2002).Banks and Fees: The Status of Off-site Wetland Mitigation in the United States. Washington, D.C.; Environmental Law Institute
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Urban, D.T. and J.H. Ryan. (1999). “A Lieu-Lieu Policy with SerioU.S. Shortcomings.”National Wetlands Newsletter21:4, 5, 9.
U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Interior, and U.S. Department of Commerce. (1995). “Federal Guidance for the Establishment, Useand Operation of Mitigation Banks.”Federal Registervol 60:228, pp58605–58614.
U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2000). Federal Guidance on the Useof In-Lieu-Fee Arrangements for Compensatory Mitigation under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act. Washington, D.C.
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Epilogue
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Gardner, R.C. (2011). In-lieu Fee Mitigation: Money for Nothing?. In: Lawyers, Swamps, and Money. Island Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-025-5_8
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