Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Pendergraft TB, Stanford RH, Beasley R, et al. Rates and characteristics of intensive care unit admissions and intubations among asthma-related hospitalizations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 93(1): 29–35.
Corbridge TC, Hall JB. The assessment and management of adults with SA. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1296–1316.
McFadden ER Jr, Hejal R. Asthma. Lancet 1995; 345: 1215–1220.
Sly RM. Increases in deaths from asthma. Ann Allergy 1984; 53(1): 20–25.
Lee KH, Tan WC, Lim TK. Severe asthma. Singapore Med J 1997; 38: 238–240, 243.
Scoggin CH, Sahn SA, Petty TL. SA. A nine-year experience. JAMA 1977; 238: 1158–1162.
Mansel JK, Stogner SW, Petrini MF, Norman JR. Mechanical ventilation in patients with acute severe asthma. Am J Med 1990; 89: 42–48.
Shugg AW, Kerr S, Butt WW. Mechanical ventilation of paediatric patients with asthma: short and long term outcome. J Paediatr Child Health 1990; 26: 343–346.
Miller TP, Greenberger PA, Patterson R. The diagnosis of potentially fatal asthma in hospitalized adults. Patient characteristics and increased severity of asthma. Chest 1992; 102: 515–518.
Spitzer WO, Suissa S, Ernst P, et al. The use of beta-agonists and the risk of death and near death from asthma. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 501–506.
Kikuchi Y, Okabe S, Tamura G, et al. Chemosensitivity and perception of dyspnea in patients with a history of near-fatal asthma. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1329–1334.
Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, et al. A longitudinal, population-based, cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1414–1422.
Serafini U. Can fatal asthma be prevented? A personal view. Clin Exp Allergy 1992; 22: 576–588.
Holloway JW, Dunbar PR, Riley GA, et al. Association of beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms with severe asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 1097–1103.
Taylor DR, Kennedy MA. Genetic variation of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor: its functional and clinical importance in bronchial asthma. Am J Pharmacogenomics 2001; 1: 165–174.
Burchard EG, Silverman EK, Rosenwasser LJ, et al. Association between a sequence variant in the IL-4 gene promoter and FEV(1) in asthma. Am JRespir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 919–922.
Rosenwasser LJ. Promoter polymorphism in the candidate genes, IL-4, IL-9, TGF-beta1, for atopy and asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1999; 118: 268–270.
Koshino T, Takano S, Kitani S, et al. Novel polymorphism of the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) promoter gene associated with asthma. Mol Cell Biol Res Commun 1999; 2: 32–35.
Weiss KB, Gergen PJ, Crain EF. Inner-city asthma. The epidemiology of an emerging US public health concern. Chest 1992; 101(6 Suppl): 362S–367S.
Liu LY, Coe CI, Swenson CA, et al. School examinations enhance airway inflammation to antigen challenge. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 1062–1067.
The ENFUMOSA cross-sectional European multicentre study of the clinical phenotype of chronic severe asthma. European Network for Understanding Mechanisms of Severe Asthma. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 470–477.
Felez MA, Roca J, Barbera JA, et al. Inhaled platelet-activating factor worsens gas exchange in mild asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 369–373.
Rodriguez-Roisin R. Acute severe asthma: pathophysiology and pathobiology of gas exchange abnormalities. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1359–1371.
James AJ. Relationship between airway thickness and airway hyperresponsiveness. In AG Stewart, ed. Airway Wall Remodelling in Asthma. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1997, pp. 1–27.
Lamblin C, Gosset P, Tillie-Leblond I, et al. Bronchial neutrophilia in patients with noninfectious SA. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 394–402.
Wenzel SE, Szefler SJ, Leung DY, et al. Bronchoscopic evaluation of severe asthma. Persistent inflammati on associated with high dose glucocorticoids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156(3 Pt 1): 737–743.
Saetta M, Di Stefano A, Rosina C, Thiene G, Fabbri LM. Quantitative structural analysis of peripheral airways and arteries in sudden fatal asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 138–143.
Carroll NG, Mutavdzic S, James AL. Increased mast cells and neutrophils in submucosal mucous glands and mucus plugging in patients with asthma. Thorax 2002; 57: 677–682.
Ebina M, Yaegashi H, Takahashi T, Motomiya M, Tanemura M. Distribution of smooth muscles along the bronchial tree. A morphometric study of ordinary autopsy lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141(5 Pt 1): 1322–1326.
Brenner BE, Abraham E, Simon RR. Position and diaphoresis in acute asthma. Am J Med 1983; 74: 1005–1009.
FitzGerald JM, Hargreave FE. The assessment and management of acute life-threatening asthma. Chest 1989; 95: 888–894.
Mountain RD, Sahn SA. Clinical features and outcome in patients with acute asthma presenting with hypercapnia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 535–539.
Martin JG, Shore S, Engel LA. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on respiratory mechanics and pattern of breathing in induced asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 126: 812–817.
McFadden ER Jr, Lyons HA. Arterial-blood gas tension in asthma. N Engl J Med 1968; 278: 1027–1032.
Nowak RM, Tomlanovich MC, Sarkar DD, Kvale PA, Anderson JA. Arterial blood gases and pulmonary function testing in acute bronchial asthma. Predicting patient outcomes. JAMA 1983; 249: 2043–2046.
Mountain RD, Heffner JE, Brackett NC Jr, Sahn SA. Acid-base disturbances in acute asthma. Chest 1990; 98: 651–655.
Sherman S, Skoney JA, Ravikrishnan KP. Routine chest radiographs in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Diagnostic value. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 2493–2466.
White CS, Cole RP, Lubetsky HW, Austin JH. Acute asthma. Admission chest radiography in hospitalized adult patients. Chest 1991; 100: 14–16.
Society BT. Guidelines on the management of asthma. Thorax. 1993; 49: S1–S24.
Raimondi AC, Schottlender J, Lombardi D, Molfino NA. Treatment of acute severe asthma with inhaled albuterol delivered via jet nebulizer, metered dose inhaler with spacer, or dry powder. Chest 1997; 112: 24–28.
Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C. Continuous vs intermittent beta-agonists in the treatment of acute adult asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Chest 2002; 122: 160–165.
Shrestha M, Bidadi K, Gourlay S, Hayes J. Continuous vs intermittent albuterol, at high and low doses, in the treatment of severe acute asthma in adults. Chest 1996; 110: 42–47.
Kress JP, Noth I, Gehlbach BK, et al. The utility of albuterol nebulized with heliox during acute asthma exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 1317–1321.
Peterson GM, Boyles PJ, Bleasel MD, Vial JH. Ipratropium treatment of acute airways disease. Ann Pharmacother 2003; 37: 339–344.
Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest 2004; 125: 2309–2321.
Rowe BH, Bretzlaff JA, Bourdon C, Bota GW, Camargo, CA Jr. Magnesium sulfate for treating exacerbations of acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; (2): CD001490.
Niven AS, Argyros G. Alternate treatments in asthma. Chest 2003; 123: 1254–1265.
Afessa B, Morales I, Cury JD. Clinical course and outcome of patients admitted to an ICU for SA. Chest 2001; 120: 1616–1621.
Williams TJ, Tuxen DV, Scheinkestel CD, Czarny D, Bowes G. Risk factors for morbidity in mechanically ventilated patients with acute severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 607–615.
Mutlu GM, Factor P, Schwartz DE, Sznajder JI. Severe SA: management with permissive hypercapnia and inhalation anesthesia. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 477–480.
Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP, Shah AN, Taylor RW. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in severe asthma. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 1727–1730.
Marshall BE, Longnecker DE. General anesthetics. In AG Goodman, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, eds. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (8th ed.). New York, Pergamon Press, 1984; pp. 285–310.
Vasile B, Rasulo F, Candiani A, Latronico N. The pathophysiology of propofol infusion syndrome: a simple name for a complex syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 1417–1425.
Griffin D, Fairman N, Coursin D, Rawsthorne L, Grossman JE. Acute myopathy during treatment of SA with corticosteroids and steroidal muscle relaxants. Chest 1992; 102: 510–514.
Road J, Mackie G, Jiang TX, Stewart H, Eisen A. Reversible paralysis with SA, steroids, and pancuronium: clinical electrophysiological correlates. Muscle Nerve 1997; 20: 1587–1590.
Shee CD. Risk factors for hydrocortisone myopathy in acute severe asthma. Respir Med 1990; 84: 229–233.
Leatherman JW, Fluegel WL, David WS, Davies SF, Iber C. Muscle weakness in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 1686–1690.
Gooch JL. Prolonged paralysis after neuromuscular blockade. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1995; 33: 419–426.
Kass JE, Terregino CA. The effect of heliox in acute severe asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 1999; 116: 296–300.
Gluck EH, Onorato DJ, Castriotta R. Helium-oxygen mixtures in intubated patients with SA and respiratory acidosis. Chest 1990; 98: 693–698.
Cooper DJ, Tuxen DV, Fisher MM. Extracorporeal life support for SA. Chest 1994; 106: 978–979.
Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O’Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1471–1477.
Meade M, Guyatt G, Cook D, et al. Predicting success in weaning from mechanical ventilation. Chest 2001; 120(6 Suppl): 400S–404S.
Lim TK, Chin NK, Lee KH, Stebbings AM. Early discharge of patients hospitalized with acute asthma: a controlled study. Respir Med 2000; 94: 1234–1240.
Ebbinghaus S, Bahrainwala AH. Asthma management by an inpatient asthma care team. PediatrNurs 2003; 29: 177–183.
Kallenbach JM, Frankel AH, Lapinsky SE, et al. Determinants of near fatality in acute severe asthma. Am J Med 1993; 95: 265–272.
Rebuck AS, Tomarken JL. Pulsus paradoxus in asthmatic children. Can Med Assoc J 1985; 112: 710–711.
Hamman L. Spontaneous mediastinal emphysema. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1939; 64: 1–21.
Cohen CA, Zagelbaum G, Gross D, Roussos C, Macklem PT. Clinical manifestations of inspiratory muscle fatigue. Am J Med 1982; 73: 308–316.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Humana Press Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Morrissey, B.M., Kenyon, N.J., Albertson, T.E. (2006). Severe Asthma. In: Gershwin, M.E., Albertson, T.E. (eds) Bronchial Asthma. Current Clinical Practice. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59745-014-6:163
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59745-014-6:163
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-604-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-014-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)