Skip to main content

Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Metabolic Syndrome X

  • Chapter
Nutrients, Stress, and Medical Disorders

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

  • 1570 Accesses

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome X is characterized by abdominal obesity, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemias, essential hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease (CHD). Other minor features of metabolic syndrome X include hyperfibrinogenemia, increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), low tissue plasminogen activator, nephropathy, microalbuminuria, and hyperuricemia (Das, 2002a). The incidence of metabolic syndrome X is increasing throughout the world. The cause(s) for this increasing incidence is not clear. Because genetics of various populations have not changed in the last 100 yr, it is likely that environmental factors play a major role in the increasing incidence of metabolic syndrome X.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Albert, M. A., Glynn, R. J., & Ridker, P. M. (2003). Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and the calculated Framingham coronary heart disease risk score. Circulation, 108, 161–165.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baguma-Nibasheka, M., Brenna, J. T., & Nathaniesz, P. W. (1999). Delay of preterm delivery in sheep by omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturates. Biology Reproduction, 60, 698–701.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bujalska, I. J., Kumar, S., & Stewart, P. M. (1997). Does central obesity reflect “Cushing’s disease of the omentum”? Lancet, 349, 1210–1213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, S. E., Werkman, S. H., Peeples, J. M., Cooke, R. J., & Tolley, E. A. (1993). Arachidonic acid status correlates with first year growth in preterm infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90, 1073–1077.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chae, C. U., Lee, R. T., Rifai, N., & Ridker, P. M. (2001). Blood pressure and inflammation in apparently healthy men. Hypertension, 38, 399–403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dandona, P., Mohanty, P., Ghanim, H., Aljada, A., Browne, R., Hamonda, W., Prabhala, A., Afzal, A., & Garg, R. (2001). The suppressive effect of dietary restriction and weight loss in the obese on the generation of reactive oxygen species by leukocytes, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 355–362.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N. (1994). Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia: Are they secondary to an alteration in the metabolism of essential fatty acids? Medical Science Research, 22, 243–245.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N. (2001a). The brain-lipid connection. Nutrition, 17, 260–263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N. (2001b). Can perinatal supplementation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent hypertension in adult life? Hypertension, 38, e6–e8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N. (2001c). Essential fatty acids as possible mediators of the actions of statins. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 65, 37–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N. (2001d). Is insulin an anti-inflammatory molecule? Nutrition, 17, 409–413.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N. (2001e). Is obesity an inflammatory condition? Nutrition, 17, 953–966.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N. (2002a). Is metabolic syndrome X an inflammatory condition? Experimental Biology and Medicine, 227, 989–997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N. (2002b). The lipids that matter from infant nutrition to insulin resistance. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 67, 1–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N. (2002c). Metabolic syndrome X is common in South Asians, but why and how? Nutrition, 18, 774–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N. (2002d). Obesity, metabolic syndrome X, and inflammation. Nutrition, 18, 430–432.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N. (2002e). A perinatal strategy for preventing adult diseases: The role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N. (2003a) Can perinatal supplementation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent diabetes mellitus? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57, 218–226.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N. (2003b). Pathobiology of metabolic syndrome X in obese and non-obese South Asian Indians: Further discussion and some suggestions. Nutrition, 19, 560–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N. (2003c). Sex differences in the number of adipose cells. XX vs. XY, 1, 132–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, U. N., Kumar, K. V., & Ramesh, G. (1994). Essential fatty acid metabolism in South Indians. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 50, 253–255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhalgren, J., Nilsson, C., Jennische, E., Ho, H. P., Eriksson, E., Niklasson, A., Bjorntorp, P., Albertsson Wikland, K., & Holmang, A. (2001). Prenatal cytokine exposure results in obesity and gender-specific programming. American Journal of Physiology, 281, E326–E334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engstrom, G., Hedblad, B., Stavenow, L., Lind, P., Janzon, L., & Lindgarde, F. (2003). Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins are associated with future weight gain. Diabetes, 52, 2097–2101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esposito, K., Nappo, F., Marfella, R., Giugliano, G., Giugliano, F., Ciotola, M., Quagliaro, L., Ceriello, A., & Gingliano, D. (2002). Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans. Role of oxidative stress. Circulation, 106, 2067–2072.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Real, J. M., Vayreda, M., Richart, C., Gutierrez, C., Broch, M., Vendrell, J., & Ricart, W. (2001). Circulating interleukins 6 levels, blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy men and women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 1154–1159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalhan, R., Puthawala, K., Agarwal, S., Amini, S. B., & Kalhan, S. C. (2001). Altered lipid profile, leptin, insulin, and anthropometry in offspring of South Asian immigrants in the United States. Metabolism, 50, 1197–1202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kern, P. A., Di Gregorio, G. B., Lu, T., Rassouli, N., & Ranganathan, G. (2003). Adiponectin expression from human adipose tissue. Relation to obesity, insulin resistance, and tumor necrosis factor-α expression. Diabetes, 52, 1779–1785.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, K. V., & Das, U. N. (1997). Effect of cis-unsaturated fatty acids, prostaglandins, and free radicals on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in vitro. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 214, 374–379.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Y., Rajala, M. W., Berger, J. P., Moller, D. E., Barzilai, N., & Scherer, P. E. (2001). Hyperglycemia-induced production of acute phase reactants in adipose tissue. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 42,077–42,083.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, R. S., Funahashi, T., Hanson, R. L., Matsuzawa, Y., Tanaka, S., Tataranni, P. A., Knowler, W. C., & Krakoff, J. (2002). Adiponectin and development of type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population. Lancet, 360, 57–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luc, G., Bard, J-M., Juhan-Vague, I., Ferrieres, J., Evans, A., Amonyel, P., Arveiler, D., Fruchart, J. C., Ducimetiere, P., & PRIME Study Group. (2003). C-reactive protein, interleukins-6, and fibrinogen as predictors of coronary heart disease. The PRIME study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 23, 1255–1261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, A., Fewtrell, M. S., & Cole, T. J. (1999). Fetal origins of adult disease—the hypothesis revisited. British Medical Journal, 319, 245–249.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masuzaki, H., Paterson J., Shinyama, H., Morton, N. M., Mullins, J. J., Seckl, J. R., & Flier, J. S. (2001). A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Science, 294, 2166–2170.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsubara, M., Namioka, K., & Katayose, S. (2003). Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations in women with low-grade C-reactive protein elevation. European Journal of Endocrinology, 148, 657–662.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mercuri, O., de Tomas, E., & Itarte, H. (1979). Prenatal protein depletion and δ9, δ6, and δ5 desaturases in the rat. Lipids, 14, 822–825.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mokdad, A. H., Bowman, B. A., Ford, E. S., Vinicor, F., Marks, J. S., & Koplan, J. P. (2001). The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 1195–1200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosca, L. (2002). C-reactive protein-to screen or not to screen. The New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 1615–1617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, S. F., Olsen, J., & Frische, G. (1990). Does fish consumption during pregnancy increase fetal growth? A study of the size of the newborn, placental weight and gestational age in relation to fish consumption during pregnancy. International Journal of Epidemiology, 19, 971–977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pischon, T., Hankinson, S. E., Hotamisligil, G. S., Rifai, N., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2003). Habitual dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in relation to inflammatory markers among US men and women. Circulation, 108, 155–160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos, E. J. B., Xu, Y., Romanova, I., Middleton, F., Chen, C., Quinn, R., Inui, A., Das, U. N., & Meguid, M. M. (2003). Is obesity an inflammatory disease? Surgery, 134, 329–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reseland, J. E., Haugen, F., Hollung, K., Solvoll, K., Halvorsen, B., Brude, I. R., Nenseter, M. S., Christiansen, E. N., & Drevon, C. A. (2001). Reduction of leptin gene expression by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Lipid Research, 42, 743–750.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ridker, P. M., Cushman, M., Stampfer, M. J., Tracy, R. P., & Hennekens, C. H. (1997). Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. The New England Journal of Medicine, 336, 973–979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeds, M. C., Jones, D. F., Chilton, F. H., & Bass, D. A. (1998). Secretory and cytosolic phospholipase A2 are activated during TNF priming of human neutrophils. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1389, 273–284.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spranger, J., Kroke, A., Mohlig, M., Bergmann, M. M., Ristow, M., Boeing, H., Pfeiffer, A. F. (2003). Adiponectin and protection against type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet, 361, 226–228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomilinson, J. W., Moore, J., Cooper, M. S., Bujalska, I., Shahmanesh, M., Burt, C., Strain, A., Hewison, M., & Stewart, P. M. (2001). Regulation of expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in adipose tissue: Tissue-specific induction by cytokines. Endocrinology, 142, 1982–1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Meer, I. M., de Maat, M. P. M., Hak, A. E., Kiliaan, A. J., Del Sol, A. I., Van Dar Kuip, D. A., Nijhuis, R. L., Hofman, A., & Witteman, J. C. (2002). C-reactive protein predicts progression of atherosclerosis measured as various sites in the arterial tree. The Rotterdam study. Stroke, 33, 2750–2755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisinger, H. S., Armitage, J. A., Sinclair, A. J., Vingrys, A. J., Burns, P. L., & Weisinger, R. S. (2001). Perinatal omega-3 deficiency affects blood pressure in later life. Nature Medicine, 7, 258–259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whincup, P. H., Gilg, J. A., Papacosta, O., Seymour, C., Miller, G. J., Alberti, K. G., & Cook, D. G. (2002). Early evidence of ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk: Cross sectional comparison of British South Asian and white children. British Medical Journal, 324, 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yatagai, T., Nishida, Y., Nagasaka, S., Nakamura, T., Tokuyama, K., Shindo, M., Tanaka, H., & Ishibashi, S. (2003). Relationship between exercise training-induced increase in insulin sensitivity and adiponectinemia in healthy men. Endocrinology Journal, 50, 233–238.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Das, U.N. (2006). Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Metabolic Syndrome X. In: Yehuda, S., Mostofsky, D.I. (eds) Nutrients, Stress, and Medical Disorders. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-952-4:317

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics