Abstract
Bone homeostasis is a dynamic process consisting of mutually dependent interactions between cells, substrates, and molecular signals that are, in turn, influenced by hormones, mitogens and differentiation factors. In general, when this environment is perturbed as a consequence of disease, including osteoporosis or injury, cell and molecular signals initiate a cascade of genetically programmed repair processes. Depending on the molecular signals and responding cells, the response to injury typically promotes regeneration to a form and function virtually indistinguishable from the preinjured state. However, if the injury becomes too extensive (i.e., becomes of a critical size), these regenerative processes are insufficient for meaningful repair. In these cases, a variety of therapeutic interventions including autografting, grafting from banked bone, or grafts of supplemental bone graft substitute materials are used. For numerous reasons, each of these therapies is associated with an unacceptably high failure rate (1).
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Winn, S.R. (2005). The Manipulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Bone Repair. In: Lester, L.B. (eds) Stem Cells in Endocrinology. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-900-1:183
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