Skip to main content

Reading Disabilities in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

  • Chapter
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Part of the book series: Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience ((CCNE))

Abstract

The term learning disabilities (LD) describes a broad category of developmental disorders and refers to a deficit in learning in one or more domains, which can include reading, mathematics, and writing (1). Diagnosis is based on behavioral information and assumes adequate intelligence, intact sensory systems, and the absence of a handicapping condition or environment that would cause a person to have significant difficulty learning (2). Although intervention can be effective, these difficulties in learning are persistent throughout the life-span (3).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Lyon GR, Fletcher JM, Barnes MC. Learning disabilities. In: Mash EJ, Barkley RA, eds. Child psychopathology, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2003;520–588.

    Google Scholar 

  2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of Mental disorders, 4th ed., text revision. Washington: American Psychiatric Association 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA. Cognitive and neurobiologic influences in reading and in dyslexia. Dev Neuropsych 1999;16:383–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Siegel LS. Phonological processing deficits as the basis of a reading disability. Dev Rev 1993;13:246–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Eden GF, VanMeter JW, Rumsey JM, Zeffiro TA. The visual deficit theory of developmental dyslexia. Neuroimage 1996;4:S108–S117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Wolf M, Bower PG. The double-deficit hypothesis for developmental dyslexia. J Ed Psych 1999;91:415–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Miller CJ, Sanchez J, Hynd GW. Neurological correlates of reading disabilities. In: Swanson L, Graham S. eds. Handbook of research on learning disabilities. New York: Guilford Press, 2003:242–255.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Wadsworth SJ, Olson RK, Pennington BF, DeFries JC. Differential genetic etiology of reading disability as a function of IQ. J Learn Dis 1992;33:192–199.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Grigorenko EL, Wood FB, Meyer MS, Hart LA, Speed WC, Shuster A, Pauls DL. Susceptibility loci for distinct components of developmental dyslexia on chromosomes 6 and 15. Am J Gen 1997;60:27–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Geschwind N, Galaburda A. Cerebral lateralization: biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: a hypothesis and program for research. Arch Neurol 1985;42:428–459.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA, Fletcher JM, Escobar MD. Prevalence of reading disability in boys and girls: results of the Connecticut Longitudinal Study. JAMA 1990;264:998–1002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Barkley, RA. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kibby MY, Hynd GW. Neurobiological basis of learning disabilities. In:Hallahan DP, Keogh BK, eds. Research and global perspectives in learning disabilities: essays in honor of William M. Cruickshank. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001;25–42.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Barkley RA. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In: Mash EJ, Barkley RA, eds. Child psychopathology, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2003;75–143.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Mayes SD, Calhoun SL, Crowell EW. Learning Disabilities and ADHD: Overlapping spectrum disorders. J Learn Dis 2000;33:417–424.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. August GJ, Garfinkel BD. Comorbidity of ADHD and reading disability among clinic-referred children. J Abnorm Child Psych 1990;18,1:29–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kupietz, SS. Sustained attention in normal and in reading disabled youngsters with and without ADDH. J Abnorm Child Psych 1990;18,4:357–372.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Shaywitz BA, Fletcher JM, Holahan JM, KK et al. Child Neuropsych 1995;1,3:170–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Pennington BF, Groisser D, Welsh MC. Contrasting cognitive deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder versus reading disabilities. Dev Psych 1993;29:511–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Närhi V, Ahonen T. Reading disability with or without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: do attentional problems make a difference? Dev Neuropsych 1995;11:337–349.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Nigg JT, Carte ET, Hinshaw SP, Treuting JJ. Neuropsychological correlates of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: explainable by comorbid disruptive behavior or reading problems. J Abnorm Psych 1998;107:468–480.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Johnson BD, Altmaier EM, Richman LC. Attention deficits and reading disabilities: are immediate memory deficits additive? Dev Neuropsych 1999;15:213–226.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Purvis KL, Tannock R. Language abilities in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, reading disabilities, and normal controls. J Abnorm Child Psych 1997;25:133–144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Shaywitz BA, Fletcher JM, Holahan JM, et al. Interrelationships between reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactvity disorder. Child Neuropsych 1995;1:170–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Korkman M, Pesonen A. A comparison of neuropsychological test profiles of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or learning disorder. J Learn Dis 1994;27:383–392.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lyon GR. Learning disabilities. In: Mash EJ, Barkley RA, eds. Child Psychopathology. New York: Guilford Press, 1996;390–435.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Siegel LS. Basic cognitive processes and reading disabilities. In: Swanson L, Graham S, eds. Handbook of research on learning disabilities. New York: Guilford Press, 2003;158–181.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Swanson HL, Saez L. Memory difficulties in children and adults with learning disabilities. Basic cognitive processes and reading disabilities. In: Swanson L, Graham S, eds. Handbook of research on learning disabilities. New York: Guilford Press, 2003:182–198.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Greenham SL. Learning Disabilities and psychosocial adjustment: a critical review. Child Neuropsych 1999;5:171–196.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Miller CJ, Hynd GW. Parent contributions to child reading achievement, phonological processing skills, rapid naming ability, and internalizing disorder. In preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Semrud-Clikeman M, Hynd GW. Right hemispheric dysfunction in nonverbal Learning disabilities: social, academic, and adaptive functioning in adults and children. Psych Bull 1990;107:196–209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Pfiffner LJ, Barkley RA. Treatment of ADHD in school settings. In: Barkley RA, ed. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Press, 1998:458–490.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Marshall RM, Hynd GW, Handwerk MJ, Hall J. Academic underachievement in ADHD subtypes. J Learn Dis 1997;30:635–642.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Auro T, Ahonen T, Tolvanen A, Lyytinen H, de Barra HT. Contribution of ADHD characteristics to the academic treatment outcome of children with learning difficulties. Dev Neuropsych 1999;15:291–305.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Barry TD, Lyman RD, Klinger LG. Academic underachievement and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Sch Psych 2002;40:259–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Barkley RA. The ecological validity of laboratory and analogue assessment methods of ADHD symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psych 1991;19:149–177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Matier-Sharma K, Perachio N, Newcorn JH. Differential diagnosis of ADHD: are objective measures of attention, impulsivity and activity level helpful? Child Neuropsych 1995;1:118–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Lazar JW, Frank Y. Frontal systems dysfunction in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998;10:160–167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Pineda DA, Restrepo MA, Sarmiento RJ. et al. Statistical analyses of structural magnetic resonance imaging of the head of the caudate nucleus in Colombian children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 2002;17:97–105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hynd GW, Semrud-Clikeman M, Lorys AR, Novey ES, Eliopulos D. Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity. Arch Neurol 1990;47:919–926.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pueyo R, Mañeru C, Vendrell P, Mataró M, Estévez-González, A García-Sánchez C, Junqué C. Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Asímetrias cerebrales observadas en resonancia magnética [Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Cerebral asymmetries observed on magnetic resonance]. Revista de Neurologia 2000;30:920–925.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hynd GW, Hern KL, Novey ES. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and asymmetry of the caudate nucleus. J Child Neurol 1993;8:339–347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Eckburg P, et al. Quantitative morphology of caudate nucleus in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:1791–1796.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, et al. Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:607–616.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Mataró M, García-Sánchez C, Junqué C, Estévez-González A, Pujol J. Magnetic resonance imaging measurement of the caudate nucleus in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with neuropsychological and behavioral measures. Arch Neurol 1997;54:963–968.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Nopoulos P, Berg S, Castellanos FX, Delgado A, Andreasen NC, Rapoport J. Developmental brain anomalies in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 2000;15:102–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Posner MI, Petersen SE. The attention system of the human brain. Ann Rev Neurosci 1990;13:25–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Clark CR, Geffen GM, Geffen LB. Catecholamines and attention: 1. Animal and clinical studies. Neurosci Behav Res 1987a;11:341–352.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Clark CR, Geffen GM, Geffen LB. Catecholamines and attention: 2. Pharmacological studies in normal humans. Neurosci Behav Res 1987b;11:353–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Zametkin AJ, Rapoport JL. Neurobiology of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: Where have we come in 50 years? J Am Acad Child and Adolesc Psychiatry 1987;26:676–686.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Halperin JM, Newcorn JH, Schwartz ST, McKay KE, Bedi G, Sharma V. Plasma catecholamine metabolite levels in ADHD boys with and without reading disabilities. J Clin Child Psychol 1993;22:219–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Halperin JM, Newcorn JH, Koda VH, Pick L, McKay KE, Knott P. Noradrenergic mechanisms in ADHD children with and without reading disabilities: A replication and extension. J Am Acad Child and Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:1688–1697.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Pelham WE, Greenslade KE, Vodde-Hamilton M, et al., Relative efficacy of long acting stimulants on children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: A comparison of standard methylphenidate, sustained release methylphenidate, sustained release dextroamphetamine, and pemoline. Pediatrics 1990;86:226–237.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Riccio CA, Hynd GW, Cohen MJ. Etiology and neurobiology of ADHD. In: Bender WM, ed. Understanding ADHD. Upper Saddle River, NY: Merrill Publishers, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hinshelwood J. Congenital word-blindness. Lancet 1900;1:1506–1508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Riccio CA, Hynd GW. Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological aspects of dyslexia. Topics Lang Dis 1996;16:1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Galaburda AM. The planum temporale. Arch Neurol 1993;50:457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Hynd GW, Semrud-Clikeman M. Dyslexia and brain morphology. Psychol Bull 1989;106:447–482.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Leonard C, Voeller KK, Lombardino L, et al. Anomalous cerebral structure in dyslexia revealed with magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol 1993;50:461–469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Temple CM. Reading disorders. In: Temple CM, ed. Developmental cognitive neuropsychology. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press, 1997;163–223.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Zeffiro T, Eden G. The cerebellum and dyslexia. Perpetrator or innocent bystander?: comment from Thomas Zeffiro and Guinevere Eden to Nicholson et al. Trends Neurosci 2001;24:512–513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hynd GW, Morgan AE, Edmons JE, Black K, Riccio CA, Lombardino L. Reading disabilities, comorbid psychopathology and the specificity of neurolinguistic deficits. Dev Neuropsychol 1995;11:311–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Geschwind N, Levitsky W. Human brain: left-right asymmetricies in temporal speech region. Science 1968;161:186–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Galaburda AM, Kemper TL. Cytoarchitectonic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia. Ann Neurol 1979;6:94–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Foster LM, Hynd GW, Morgan AE, Hugdahl K. Planum temporale asymmetry and ear advantage in developmental dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Intl Neuropsychol Soc 2002;8:22–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Galaburda AM, Sherman G, Rosen GD, Aboitiz F, Geschwind N. Developmental dyslexia: Four consecutive patients with cortical abnormalities. Ann Neurol 1985;18:222–233.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Humphreys P, Kaufman WE, Galaburda A. Developmental dyslexia in women: Evidence for a subgroup with reversal of cerebral asymmetry. Ann Neurol 1990;28:727–738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Larsen JP, Hoien T, Lundberg I, Odegaard H. MRI evaluation of the size and symmetry of the planum temporale in adolescents with developmental dyslexia. Brain and Lang 1990;39:289–301.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Semrud-Clikeman M, Hynd GW, Novey ES, Eliopulos D. Dyslexia and brain morphology: relationships between neuroanatomical variation and neurolinguistic tasks. Learn Ind Diff 1991;3:225–242.65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Palamini A, Andermann F, deGrissac H, et al. Stages and patterns of centrifugal arrest of diffuse neuronal migration disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 1991;35:331–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Aicardi J. Diseases of the nervous system in childhood. New York: MacKeith Press, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Steinmetz H, Ebeling U, Huang Y, Kahn T. Sulcus topography in the parietal opercular region. Brain and Lang 1990;38:515–533.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Hiemenz JR, Hynd GW. Sulcal/gyral pattern morphology of the perisylvian language region in developmental dyslexia. Brain and Lang 2000;74:113–133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Semrud-Clikeman M, Hooper SR, Hynd GW, Hern K, Presley R, Watson T. Prediction of group membership in developmental dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and normal controls using brain morphometric analysis of magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 1996;11:521–528.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Halperin JM, Newcorn JH, Koda VH, Pick L, McKay KE, Knott P. Noradrenergic mechanisms in ADHD children with and without reading disabilities: A replication and extension. J Am Acad Child Adolec Psychiatry 1997;36:1688–1697.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Halperin JM, Newcorn JH, Schwartz ST, McKay KE, Bedi G, Sharma V. Plasma catecholamine metabolite levels in ADHD boys with and without reading disabilities. J Clin Child Psych 1993;22:219–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Mangina CA, Beuzeron-Mangina JH, Grizenko N. Event-related brain potentials, bilateral electrodermal activity and Mangina-Test performance in learning disabled/ADHD pre-adolescents as compared to age-matched normal controls. Intl J Psychophys 2000;37:71–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Clarke AR, Barry RJ, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M. EEG analysis of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity and comorbid reading disabilities. J Learn Dis 2002;35:276–285.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Light JG, Pennington BF, Gilger JW, DeFries JC. Reading disability and hyperactivity disorder: evidence for a genetic etiology. Dev Neuropsychol 1995;11:323–335.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Gillis JJ, Gilger JW, Pennington BF, DeFries JC. Attention deficit disorder in reading-disabled twins: Evidence for a genetic etiology. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992;20:303–315.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Doyle AE, Faraone SV, DuPre EP, Biederman J. Separating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Learning disabilities in girls: a familial risk analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1666–1672.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bloom, J.S., Miller, C.J., Garcia, M.A., Hynd, G.W. (2005). Reading Disabilities in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In: Gozal, D., Molfese, D.L. (eds) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-891-9:337

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-891-9:337

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-312-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-891-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics