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Intermittent Hypoxia During Sleep as a Model of Environmental (Nongenetic) Contributions to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

  • Chapter
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Part of the book series: Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience ((CCNE))

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a clinically heterogenous neuropsychiatric syndrome of persistent and developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity, typically of juvenile onset. Research on this disease has been complicated by the fact that the specific features and presentations of ADHD show substantial variability between individuals, and that no single pathophysiological profile of ADHD has been identified (1,2). Although the exact cause of ADHD is still unknown, both genetic and environmental factors are now recognized to play a role in the development of the disease (3–5). Children who suffer from sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) have been reported to experience learning disabilities, hyperactivity, and impaired attention in much the same manner as children with ADHD, suggesting that SDB and some forms of ADHD may share common pathophysiological mechanisms (see Chapter 19). These findings in clinical populations with sleep disorders have led to the hypothesis that exposure to intermittent hypoxia, such as that encountered in SDB, during critical developmental periods is an important environmental contributor to the development of ADHD-like behavioral problems, and may be particularly important in individuals with a genetic predisposition to develop ADHD. In support of this hypothesis, data from animal experiments has shown that exposure to intermittent hypoxia, the primary hallmark of SDB, replicates many of the behavioral features of ADHD and may provide insight into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying some nongenetic forms of ADHD-like pathology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kosair Children’s Hopsital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY

    Barry W. Row PhD

  2. Kosair Children’s Hospital, Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY

    David Gozal MD

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  1. Kosair Children’s Hospital, Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY

    David Gozal MD

  2. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY

    Dennis L. Molfese PhD

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Row, B.W., Gozal, D. (2005). Intermittent Hypoxia During Sleep as a Model of Environmental (Nongenetic) Contributions to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In: Gozal, D., Molfese, D.L. (eds) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-891-9:131

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