Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Claudication

Clinical Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

  • Chapter
Lower Extremity Arterial Disease

Part of the book series: Clinical Hypertension and Vascular Diseases ((CHVD))

Abstract

Legend has it that the term claudication was given after the Roman Emperor Claudius, who would walk for a short distance, then stop and stand before he would start walking again. Etymologically, claudication is derived from the Latin verb claudicare, which means to limp. In 1858, Jean Martin Charcot described pain in the lower extremities resulting from arterial insufficiency. Intermittent claudication can inhibit walking, and cause limping due to ischemia of the lower extremity unilaterally or bilaterally. The most common cause of lower extremity ischemia is peripheral arterial disease of the major arteries supplying the legs and feet. Lower extremity ischemia may also progress to severe limb-threatening ischemia with symptoms and physical signs at rest as well. A detailed complete history should be obtained from every patient, middle-aged and the elderly, before the diagnosis of claudication is made. Vascular claudication under the age of 45 years is rare.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Walker RT, Woodyer AB, Dormandy JA. Venous claudication. A report of 15 cases and a review of the literature. Int Angiol 1985; 4:365–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Kontos HA. Arteriosclerosis obliterans. Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 20th ed. Bennett/Plum, 1996, pp. 350–351.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Anstrom SM, El-Hayek A, Comianos M, Tamulouis DJ. Mitral valve disease associated with long-term ergotamine use. Southern Med J 1993;86:1179–1181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ouriel K, Green RM. Arterial disease. In: Schwartz S, ed. Principles of Surgery, 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Health Professions Division, 1999, p. 981.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Waal Manning HJ. Hypertension: which beta-blocker? Drugs 1976; 12:412–441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Radack K Deck C. β-adrenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease. Arch Int Med 1991; 151:1769–1776.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lepautelo M. Beta-blockade and intermittent claudication. ActaMed Scand 1985; 700:Sl–S48.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Friedman SA, Pandya M, Grief E. Peripheral arterial occlusion in patients with acute coronary heart disease. Am Ht J 1973; 86:415.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Barnhorst DA, Barner HB. Prevalence of congenitally absent pedal pulses. NEngl JMed 1968; 278:264.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Stephens G. Palpable dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses. Arch Surg 1962; 84:662.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Friedman SA. Prevalence of palpable wrist pulses. Br Ht J 1970; 32:316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Juergens JL, Barker NW, Itines EA. Review of 520 cases with special reference to pathogenic and prognostic factors. Circulation 1960; 21:188–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Arnold AM. Chest pain in a patient with congenital heart disease. Cleveland Cl J Med 1995; 62:206–208.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wynne J. Miscellaneous conditions of the heart: tumor, trauma and systemic disease. In: Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 20th ed. Bennett/Plum, 1996, pp. 357–359.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hinton RC, Kistler JP, Callan JT, et al. Influence of etiology of atrialfibrillation a incidence of systemic embolism. Am J Cardiology 1977; 40:509.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Lord JW Jr, Rossi G, Daliana M, Drago JR, Schwartz M. Unsuspected aneurysm as a cause of peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Am Surg 1973; 177:767–771.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hans SS, Zesking HJ. Routine use of limited abdominal aortography with digital subtraction cardiac and cerebral angiography. Stroke 1995; 26:1221–1224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Leng GC, Fowkes FGR. The Ediburgh Claudication Questionnaire: an improved version of the WHO/Rose Questionnaire for use in epidemiological surveys. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45:1101–1109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lepautello M, Lassila R. Smoking and occlusive peripheral arterial disease. Clinical review. Eur J Surg 1991; 157:83–87.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hratt WR, Regeusteiner JG, Hargarten ME, Wollel EE, Brass EP. Benefit of exercise conditioning for patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 1990; 81:602–609.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lowe GD, SaniaPadi A, Turner A, Lieberman P, Pollock J, Drury J. Strides on hematocrit in peripheral arterial disease. Klin Wochenschr 1986; 64:969–976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Siitonen O, Vusitupa M, Pyorala K, Voutilainen E, Lansimies E. Peripheral arterial disease and its relationship to cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery disease in newly diagnosed non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Act Med Scand 1986; 220:205–212.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Radack K, Wyderski RJ. Conservative management of intermittent claudication. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113:135–146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Balkau B, Vray M, Eschewege E. Epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease (Review). J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994; 23:S8–S16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Deary IJ, Fowkes FG, Dannan PT, Housley E. Hostile personality and risk of arterial disease in the general population. Psychosis Med 1994; 56:197–202.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Brand FN, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Diabetes, intermittent claudication and risk of cardiovascular events. The Framingham Study. Diabetes 1989;38:504–509.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Pomrehn P, Duncan B, Weissfeld L, Wallace RB, Barnes R, Heiss G, et al. The associationof dyslipoproteinemias with symptoms and signs of peripheral arterial disease. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1986; 73:1100–1107.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Update on some epidemiologic features of intermittent claudication. The Framingham Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985; 33:13–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Horby J, Grande P, Vestergaard A, Grauholt AM. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and arteriography in intermittent claudication. Eur J Vase Surg 1989; 3:333–337.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Myers KA. Relationship of smoking to peripheral arterial disease. Australian Family Physician 1979; 8:765–768.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lowe GD, Fowkes FG, Dawes J, Donnan PT, Lennie SE, Housley E. Blood viscosity, fibrinogen and activation of coagulation and leucocyte in peripheral arterial disease and the normal population in the Edinburgh Artery Study. Circulation 1993; 87:1915–1920.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gagnan F, Dagenais GR, Robitailde NM, Lupien PJ. Impact of systolic and dias-tolic blood pressure on ischemic vascular diseases in French-Canadian men from 1974 to 1990. Can J Cardiol 1994; 10:97–105.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Criqui MH, Frouek A, Klauber MR, Barrett-Connor E, Gabriel S. The sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of traditional clinical evaluation of peripheral arterial disease: results for non-invasive testing in a defined population. Circulation 1985; 71:516–522.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. McDaniel MD, Cronnerwett JL. Basic data related to the natural history of intermittent claudication. Ann Vase Surg 1989; 3:273–277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Fowkes FG, Housley E, Cawood EH, Macintyre CC, Ruckley CV, Prescott RJ. Edinburgh Artery Study: Prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20:384–392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Mahmoud AH. A population sample study of peripheral occlusive arterial disease. Thesis, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Jonason T, Ringquist I. Diabetes mellitus and intermittent claudication. Relation between peripheral vascular complications and location of occlusive atherosclerosis of the legs. Ada Med Scand 1985; 218:217–221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Caralis DG. Assessing perioperative cardiac risk in peripheral arterial diseases. Balas’s har. Hell Vase Surg Soc Athens, 1993;l:21–27.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hertzer NB, Beven EG, Young JR, et al. Coronary artery disease in peripheral vascular patients. A classification of 1000 coronary angiograms and results of surgical management. Ann Sur 1984; 199:223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Mautner GC, Maunter SL, Roberts WC. Amounts of coronary arterial narrowing by atherosclerotic plaque at necropsy in patients with lower extremity amputation. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70:1147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Mautner GC, Berezowski K, Mautner SL, Robert WC. Degrees of coronary arterial narrowing at necropsy in with large fusiformis abdominal aortic aneurysms. Am J Cardiology 1992; 70:1143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Stevenow L, Karlsson S, Lilia B, Lindgarde F. High prevalence of coronary heart disease in patients with intermittent claudication. Ada Chir Scand 1988; 154:447–451.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Hunt JR. The role of the carotid arteries in the causation of vascular lesions of the brain, with remarks on certain special features of the symptomatology. Am J Med Sci 1914; 147:704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Dean RH. Carotid artery occlusive disease. In: Sabiston, Textbook of Surgery, 14th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1991, pp. 1580–1583.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Lassila R, Lepantelo M, Lindfors O. Peripheral arterial disease. Natural outcome. Ada Med Scand 1986; 220:295–301.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ohta T, Kato T, Kazui H, Koudo M, Tsuchioka H, Shionoya S. The prognosis of intermittent claudication. (Jap) Nippon Geka Gakka Zasschi 1989;90:615–621.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Juergens JL, Barker NW, Hines CA. Arteriosclerosis obliterans review of 520 cases with special reference to pathogenic and prognostic factors. Circulation 1960; 21:188–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Imperato AM, Kiu GE, Davidson T, Crowley JG. Intermittent claudication. Its natural course. Surgery 1975; 78:795–799.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Schadt DC, Hines EA Jr, Juergens JL, Barker NW. Chronic atherosclerotic occlusion of the femoral artery. J Angio 1961; 175:937–940.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Criqui MH, Langer RD, Frouck A, Feigelson HS, Klauber MR, McCann TJ, Browner D. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:301–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Spittell JA Jr. Occlusive peripheral arterial disease. Guidelines for office management. Postgrad Med 1982; 71:137–142,146,150–151.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Postiglione A, Cicerano V, Gallotta G, Chasso A, Lamenza F, Rubba P, Manciui M. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and related risk factors in elderly institutionalized subjects. Gerontology 1992; 38:330–337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Laing SP, Greenhalgh RM. Standard exercise test to assess peripheral arterial disease. Br Med J 1980; 280:13–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Belcaro G, Sager P, Borgwardt A, Holm A, Jelnes R, Rosenkvist L, Possati F. Arterial pressure measurements correlated to symptoms and signs of peripheral arterial disease. Ada Chir Belgrca 1983;83: 320–326.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Lee BY, Trainor FS, Thoden WR, Kavner D, Madden JL. Use of non-invasive electromagnetic flowmetry in the assessment of peripheral arterial disease. Surg Gynecol Obst 1980; 150:342–346.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Seder JS, Botvinich EM, Rahimtooda SH, Goldstone J. Price DC. Detecting and localizing peripheral arterial disease: assessment of (201)T1 scrutigraphy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1981;137:373–380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Lie JT. Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease) revisited. Pathol Anna 1988; 23:257.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Wheeler HB. Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease). In: Sabiston, Textbook of Surgery, 14th ed. Townsend CM, ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1991, pp. 1637–1640.

    Google Scholar 

  59. McKusick VA, Harris WS, Ottesea OE, et al. Buerger’s disease. A distinct clinical and pathologic entity. JAMA 1962;181–185.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Adar R, Papa MZ, Halpern Z, et al. Cellular sensitivity to collagen in thromboangrtis obliterans. N Engl J Med 1983; 308:1113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Caralis DG, et al. Smoking is a risk factor for coronary spasm in premenopausal women. Circulation 1992;85:905–909.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Collis PS, Mc Donald PT, Lim RC. Popliteal artery entrapment: an evolving syndrome. J Vase Surg 1989; 10:484–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Barnett AJ, Dugdale L, Fergresan I. Disappearing pulse syndrome due to myxoma-tous degeneration of the popliteal artery. Med J Austral 1966; 2:355–358.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. DeWeese JA. Pedal pulses disappearing with exercise. N Engl J Med 1960;262:1214–1217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Ishikawa K. Cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery and of other stem vessels in the extremities. Jpr J Surg 1987; 17:221–229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Seddan AM. Popliteal artery aneurysms. Postgrad Med 1993; 94:125–128.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Dale WA. Thoracic outlet compression syndrome; critique. Arch Surg 1982; 117:1437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Harding A, Silver D. Thoracic outlet syndrome. In: Sabistan, Textbook of Surgery, 14th ed. Townsend CM, ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1991, pp. 1757–1761.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Parachuri R, Adaues EM. Entrapment neuropathies. Postgrad Med 1993; 94:39–51. (Thoracic outlet syndrome in p. 45.)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Takayasu M. Case of queer changes in central blood vessels of the retina. Ada Soc Optham Jap 1908; 12:2554.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Ishikawa K. Natural history and classification of occlusive thomboartopathy (Takayasui’s disease). Circulation 1978; 51:21.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Snyder EN Jr, Mulfinoer GL, Lambert RW. Claudication caused by compression of the cauda equine. Am J Surg 1975; 130:172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Goodreau JJ, Creasy JK, Flanigan DP, Burnham SF, Kudina JC, Schafter MF, et al. Rational approach to the differentiation of vascular and neurogenic claudication. Surgery 1978; 84:749–757.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Evans JG. Neurogenic intermittent claudication. Br Med J 1964; 2:985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Wilson CB, Ebni G, Grollnus J. Neurogenic intermittent claudication. Cl Neurosurg 1971; 18:62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Karayannakos PE, Yahou D, Vasco JS. Narrow lumbar spinal canal with “vascular” syndromes. Arch Surg 1976; 111:803.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Karanaugh GJ, Svein HJ, Holman CB, Johnson RM. Pseudoclaudication syndrome produced by compression of the cauda equine. JAMA 1968; 206:2477–2481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Malis LI. Lumbar stenosis. Mt Sin J Med 1991; 58:121–124.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Gaskill MF, Lukin R, Wiot JC. Lumbar spine disease and stenosis. Radiol ClNorth Am 1991; 29:753–764.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Harats N, et al. Spinal claudication in systemic amyloidosis. J Rheumatol 1989; 16:1003–1006.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Drouillard PJ, et al. Lumbar spinal ateliosis associated with hypertrophied liga-mentum flavum and calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition. Am Osepopath Assoc 1988; 88:1019–1021.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Sutton D, ed. A Textbook of Radiology and Imaging. 4th ed. New York: Edinburgh 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Hammerschlag SB, Wolpert SM, Carter BL. Computed tomography of the spinal cord. Radiology 1976; 121:361.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Wipf JE, Deyo RA. Low black pain. Med Cl North Am 1995; 79:231–246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Hines EA. Some types of distress in the lower extremities similating peripheral vascular disease. Med Cl North Am 1958; 42:991–996.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Brish A, Lerner MK, Braham J. Intermittent’ claudication from compression of the cauda equina by a narrowed spinal canal. J Neurosurg 1964; 21:207–211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Wilson CB. Significance of the small lumbar spinal canal. Cauda equina compression syndromes due to spondylosis. J Neurosurg 1969; 31:499–506.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Blau JN, Logue V. Intermittent claudication of the cauda equina. Lancet 1961; 1:1081–1086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Blau JN, Rushworth G. Observations in the blood vessels of the spinal cord and their responses to motor activity. Brain 1958; 81:354–363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Cooke TD, Lehmann PO. Intermittent claudication of neurogenic origin. Can. J Surg 1968; 11:151–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Raynaud M. On local asphyxia and symmetrical changes of the extremities. Selected monograph. London. New Sydenham Society, 1888.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Allen EV, Brown EG. Raynaud’s disease. A critical review of minimal requisites for diagnosis. Am J Med Sci 1932; 183:187–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. de Takats G, Fowler EF. Raynaud’s phenomenon. JAMA 1962; 179:88–106.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Blunt RJ, Porter JM. Raynaud’s syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1981; 10:282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Porter JM, Bardana EJ, Baur GM, Wesche DH, et al. The clinical significance of Raynaud’s syndrome. Surgery 1976; 80:756.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Joyce JW. Raynaud’s phenomenon. In: Hurst’s the heart:arteries and veins. 8th ed., Schlant KC, Alexander RW, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994, pp. 2189–2190.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Porter JM, Snider RL, Bardana EJ, et al. The diagnosis and treatment Raynaud’s phenomenon. Surgery 1975; 77:11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Taylor W, Pelmear PL. Raynaud’s phenomenon of occupational origin. An epide-miological survey. Ada Chir Scand 1976; 465:27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Kontos HA. Vascular diseases of the limbs. In: Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 20th ed. Bennet/Plum 1996, pp. 346–350.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Gifford RW Jr, Hines EA Jr. Raynaud’s disease among women and girls. Circulation 1957; 16:1012.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Lewis T. Experiments relating to the peripheral mechanisms involved in spastic arrest of the circulation in the fingers, a variety of Raynaud’s disease. Heart 1929; 15:7.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Edwards JM, Phinney ES, Taylor IMJr, Kennan EJ, Porter JM. Alpha-2 adreno-ceptor differences in vasospastic and obstructive Raynaud’s syndrome. J Vase Surg 1987; 5:38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Marsden PA, Danthuluri NR, Brenner BM, Ballerman BJ, Brock TA. Endothedin action on vascular smooth muscle involves inositol triphosphate and calcium mobilization. Biochem Biphys Res Commun 1988; 158:86–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Luscher TF, Yang Z, Diederich D, Buhler FR. Endothelium-derived vasoactive substance. Potential role in hypertension, atherosclerosis and vascular occlusion. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1989; 14:563–569.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Vane JR, Botting R, Masaki T. Endothelin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1989; 13: S1–S231.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Luscher TF, Boulanger CM, Dohi Y, Yang Z. Endothelium-derived contracting factors. Hypertension 1992; 19:117–130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. McMillen M.A., Sumpio B.E.: Endotherlins: Polyfunctional Cytokines. J. Am. Coll. of Surgeons 1995; 180:621–637.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Levin ER. Mechanisms of disease: Endotherlins. N Engl J Med 1995;333:356–363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Roald OK, Sean E. Treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon with ketanserin in patients with connective tissue disorders. Br Med J 1984;289:577–579.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Kahan A, Weber S, Amor B, et al: Nifediprue and Raynaud’s phenomenon (letter). Ann Int Med 1981; 94:546.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Smith DC, McKendry RJ. Controlled trial of Nifedipine in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Lancet 1982; 2:1299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Stone PH, Autman EJ, Mueller JE. Calcium channel blocking agents in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. PartII. Hemodynamic effects and clinical application. Am Int Med 1980; 93:886.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL

    Dennis G. Caralis MD, PhD, MPH, FAHA, FACC

Authors
  1. Dennis G. Caralis MD, PhD, MPH, FAHA, FACC
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL

    Dennis G. Caralis MD, PhD, MPH, FACC, FAHA

  2. Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL

    George L. Bakris MD, FACP, FAHA, FASN

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Caralis, D.G. (2005). Claudication. In: Caralis, D.G., Bakris, G.L. (eds) Lower Extremity Arterial Disease. Clinical Hypertension and Vascular Diseases. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-881-1:001

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-881-1:001

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-554-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-881-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation