Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Management of Eating Disorders and Obesity pp 181–207Cite as

The Role of Physical Activity, Exercise, and Nutrition in the Treatment of Obesity

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of obesity and overweight has caused many experts to declare that a “health care epidemic of being overweight and obese” is gripping our nation and becoming a significant health care problem. According to a published report cited by The National Institutes for Health (NIH) (1), as of the late 1990s, more than half of the adults in the United States are overweight (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2, including those who are obese) and nearly one-quarter of US adults are obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) (2). Unfortunately, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has steadily increased in nearly all ethnic and racial groups over the latter portion of the 20th century, as a 3.2% increase in the prevalence of the overweight category occurred during the years 1960 through 1994, along with a 66.4% increase in the prevalence of obesity during the same time period (2). Tragically, each year approx 280,000 adult deaths in the United States are attributed to obesity (3), with a total annual cost of $99.2 billion in the year 1995 (4).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. NIH (NIDDK). Statistics related to overweight and obesity. Publication no. 96-4158. Website: (http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/nutrit/pubs/statobes.htm).

  2. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends. Int J Obes 1998; 22:39–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Allison DB, Fontaine KR, et al. Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. JAMA 1999;282:1530–1538.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Wolf AM, Colditz GA. Current estimates of the economic cost of obesity in the United States. Obes Res 1998; 6:97–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness. Public Health Rep 1985; 100:126–131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, et al. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995; 273:402–407.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. American College of Sports Medicine, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in cooperation with the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. Experts release new recommendation to fight America’s epidemic of physical inactivity. News Release 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  8. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement. Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kennedy JF. The soft American. Sports Illustrated 1960; 13.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Powell KE, Thompson PD, Caspersen CJ, Kendricks JS. Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease. Ann Rev Public Health 1987; 8:253–287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Berlin JA, Colditz GA. A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132:612–628.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Manson JE, Hu FB, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willet WC, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:650–658.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hill J.O., Wyatt HR, Reed GW, Peters JC. Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here? Science 2003; 299:853–855.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bar-Or O, Foreyt J, Bouchard C, Brownell KD, Dietz WH, Ravussin E, Salbe AD, Schwenger S, St. Jeor S, Torun B. Physical activity, genetic, and nutritional considerations in childhood weight management. Med Sci Sports Exercise 1998; 30:2–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Morris JN, Heady JA, Raffle PAB, Roberts CG, Parks JW. Coronary heart disease and physical activity of work. Lancet 1953; 2:1053–1057,1111–1120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Leon AS, Connet J, Jacobs DR, Rauramaa R. Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death: the multiple risk factor intervention trial. JAMA 1987; 258:2388–2395.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Hsieh C-C. Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:605–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Blair SN, Kohl HW, Barlow CE, Paffenbarger RS, Gibbons LW, Macera CA. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men. JAMA 1995; 273:1093–1098.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hakim AA, Petrovitch H, Burchfiel CM, Ross W, Rodriguez BL, White LR, Yano K, Curb JD, Abbott RD. Effects of walking on mortality among nonsmoking retired men. N Eng J Med 1998; 338: 94–99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fletcher GF, Balady G, Blair SN, Blumenthal J, Caspersen C, Chaitman B, Epstein S, Froelicher ES, Froelicher VF, Pina IL, Pollock ML. Statement on exercise: benefits and recommendation for physical activity programs for all Americans. Circulation 1996; 94:857–862.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Galgali G, Beaglehole R, Scragg R, Tobias M. Potential for prevention of premature death and disease in New Zealand. N Z Med J 1998; 111:7–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Eriksson KF, Lindgarde F. No excess 12-year mortality in men with impaired glucose tolerance who participated in the Malmo Preventive Trial with diet and exercise. Diabetologia 1998; 41:1010–1016.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Blair SN, Goodyear NN, Gibbons LW, Cooper KH. Physical fitness and incidence of hypertension in healthy normotensive men and women. JAMA 1984; 252:487–490.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Physical exercise in the management of hypertension: a consensus statement by the World Hypertension League. J Hypertens 1991; 9:283–287.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Steffen PR, Sherwood A, Gullette EC, Georgiades A, Hinderliter A, Blumenthal JA. Effects of exercise and weight loss on blood pressure during daily life. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33:1635–1640.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hagberg JM, Park JJ, Brown MD. The role of exercise training in the treatment of hypertension: an update. Sports Med 2000; 30:193–206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Arroll B, Beaglehole R. Does physical activity lower blood pressure?: A critical review of the clinical trials. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45:439–447.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kannel WB, Brand N, Skinner JJ, Dawber TR, McNamara P. The relation of adiposity to blood pressure and development of hypertension: the Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1967; 67:48–59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:2413–2446.

    Google Scholar 

  30. The Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-V). Arch Intern Med 1993; 153:154–183.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Laporte RE, Adams LL, Savage DD, Brenes G, Dearwater S, Cook T. The spectrum of physical activity, cardiovascular disease, and health: an epidemiologic perspective. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 120:507–517.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kiens B, Jorgensen I, Lewis S, et al. Increased plasma HDL-cholesterol and apo A-I in sedentary middle aged men after physical conditioning. Eur J Clin Invest 1980; 10:203–209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hanefeld M, Leonhardt W, Julius U, et al. Effects of exercise on hyperlipidemia in obesity. In: Bjorntorp P, Jairella M, Howard AN, eds. Recent Advances in Obesity Research: Third International Congress on Obesity. John Liebe, London, UK, 1981, pp. 348–353.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Goldberg L, Elliot DL. The effects of physical activity on lipid and lipoprotein levels. Med Clin North Am 1985; 69:41–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Tran ZV, Weltman A. Differential effects of exercise on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels seen with changes in body weight: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1985; 254:919–924.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Lewis S, Haskell WL, Wood PD, Manoogian N, Bailey JE, Pereira MB. Effects of physical activity on weight reduction in obese middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 1976; 29:151–156.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Stefanick ML, Mackey S, Sheehan M, Ellsworth N, Haskell WL, Wood PD. Effects of diet and exercise in men and postmenopausal women with low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of LDL cholesterol. N Eng J Med 1998; 339:12–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation, exercise training, and weight reduction on exercise capacity, coronary risk factors, behavioral characteristics, and quality of life in obes e coronary patients. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79:397–401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Forouhi NG, Sattar N, McKeigue PM. Relation of C-reactive protein to body fat distribution and features of the metabolic syndrome in Europeans and South Asians. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25:1327–1331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Panagiotakos DB, et al.. Association of leisure-time physical activity on inflammation markers (C-reactive protein, white cell blood count, serum amyloid A, and fibrinogen) in healthy subjects (from the ATTICA study). Am J Cardiol 2003; 91:368–370.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bjorntorp P, DeJounge K, Krotkiewski M, Sullivan L, Sjostrom L, Stenberg J. Physical training in human obesity. III: effects of long-term physical training on body composition. Metabolism 1973; 22: 1467–1474.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Lampman RM, Schteingart DE. Moderate and extreme obesity. In: Franklin BA, Gordon S, Timmis GC, eds. Exercise in Modern Medicine. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1989, pp. 156–174.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Weltman A, Mattler S, Stamford BA. Caloric restriction and/or mild exercise: effects on serum lipids and body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33:1002–1009.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Pavlou KN, Steffe WP, Lerman RH, Burrows BA. Effects of dieting and exercise on lean body mass, oxygen uptake, and strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985; 17:466–471.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hill JO, Sparling PB, Shields TW, Heller PA. Effects of exercise and food restriction on body composition and metabolic rate in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46:622–630.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Pritchard JE, Nowson CA, Wark JD. A worksite program for overweight middle-aged men achieves lesser weight loss with exercise than with dietary change. J Am Diet Assoc 1997; 97:583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Miller WC, Koceja DM, Hamilton EJ. A meta-analysis of the past 25 years of weight loss research using diet, exercise or diet plus exercise intervention. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21:941–947.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wadden TA, Vogt RA, Foster GD, Anderson DA. Exercise and the maintenance of weight loss: 1-year follow-up of a controlled clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998; 66:429–433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Brownell KD, Grilo GM. Weight management. In: American College of Sports Medicine’s Resource Manual for the Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 2nd Ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA, 1993, pp. 458–459.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Bjorntorp P, De Jounge K, Sjostrom L, Sullivan L. The effect of physical training on insulin production in obesity. Metabolism 1970; 19:631–638.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:393–403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hu G, Qiao Q, Silventoinen K, Eriksson JG, Jousilahti P, Lindstrom J, Valle TT, Nissinen A, Toumilehto J. Occupational, commuting, and leisure-time physical activity in relation to risk for type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Finnish men and women. Diabetologia 2003; 46:322–329.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Fahlen M, Stenberg J, Bjorntorp P. Insulin secretion in obesity after exercise. Diabetologia 1972; 8: 141–144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ruderman NB, Ganda OP, Johansen K. The effect of physical training on glucose tolerance and plasma lipids in maturity-onset diabetes. Diabetes 1979; 28(Suppl 1): 89.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Brown MD, Moore GE, Korytkowski MT, McCole SD, Hagberg JM. Improvement of insulin sensitivity by short-term exercise training in hypertensive African American women. Hypertension 1997; 30:1549–1553.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Snyder KA, Donnelly JE, Jabobsen DJ, Hertner G, Jakicic JM. The effects of long-term, moderate intensity, intermittent exercise an aerobic capacity, body composition, blood lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight females. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21:1180–1189.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Smith ML, Mitchell JH. Cardiorespiratory adaptations to exercise training. In: American College of Sports Medicine’s Resource Manual for the Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 2nd Ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA, 1993, pp. 75–81.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Lampman RM, Schteingart DE, Fossi MI. Exercise as a partial therapy for the extremely obese. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1986; 18:19–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Buskirk ER, Barlett HL. Pulmonary function and obesity. In: Tobia RB, Mehlman MA, eds. Advances in Modern Human Nutrition. Pathotox, Park Forest South, IL, 1980, pp. 211–224.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Buskirk ER. Obesity. In: Skinner JS, ed. Exercise Testing and Exercise Prescription for Special Cases: Theoretical Basis and Clinical Application, 2nd Ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA, 1993, pp. 191–193, p. 200.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Emirgil C, Sobel BJ. The effects of weight reduction on pulmonary function and sensitivity of the respiratory center in obesity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973; 108:831–842.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Farebrother MJB, McHardy GJR, Munro JF. Relation between pulmonary gas exchange and closing volume before and after substantial weight loss in obese subjects. Br Med J 1974; 3:391–393.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Legere BM, Kavuru MS. Pulmonary function in obesity. Respir Care 2000; 45:967–968.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Flemons WW. Clinical practice. Obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347:498–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Ferguson KA, Ono T, Lowe AA, Keenan SP, Fleetham JA. A randomized crossover study of an oral appliance vs. nasal-continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of mild-moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 1996; 109:1269–1275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Hanzel DA, Proia NG, Hudgel DW. Response of obstructive sleep apnea to fluoxetine and protriptyline. Chest 1991; 100:416–421.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Berry RB, Yamaura EM, Gill K, Reist C. Acute effects of paroxetine on genioglossus activity in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 1999; 22:1087–1092.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Bridgman SA, Dunn KM. Cochrane Database. Syst Rev 2000; 2:CD001004.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J. Longitudinal study of moderate weight change and sleep-disordered breathing. JAMA 2000;284:15–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Sugerman HJ, Fairman RP, Sood RK, Engle K, Wolfe L, Kellum JM. Long-term effects of gastric surgery for treating respiratory insufficiency of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55:597S–601S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Elliot DL, Goldberg L. Exercise and obesity. In: Goldberg L, Elliott DL eds. Exercise for Prevention and Treatment of Illness. F.A. Davis, Philadelphia, PA, 1994, pp. 212–213.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Poehlman ET, Melby CL, Badylak SF. Resting metabolic rate and postprandial thermogenesis in highly trained and untrained males. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 47:793–798.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Poehlman ET, Melby CL, Badylak SF, Calles J. Aerobic fitness and resting energy expenditure in young adult males. Metabolism 1989; 38:85–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hill JO, Heymsfield SB, McMannus C, DiGirolamo M. Meal size and thermic response to food in male subjects as a function of maximum aerobic capacity. Metabolism 1984; 33:743–749.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Bray G. Effect of caloric restriction on energy expenditure in obese subjects. Lancet 1969; 2: 397–398.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J. Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N Eng J Med 1995; 332:621–628.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Saris WH. The role of exercise in the dietary treatment of obesity. Int J Obes 1993; 17(Suppl 1): S17–S21.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Geliebter A, Maher MM, Gerace L, Gutin B, Heymsfield SB, Hashim SA. Effects of strength or aerobic training on body composition, resting metabolic rate, and peak oxygen consumption in obese dieting subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66:557–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Dempsey JA. Anthropometrical observations on obese and non-obese young men undergoing a program of vigorous physical exercise. Res Quarterly 1964; 35:275–287.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Dudleston AK, Benniou M. Effect of diet and/or exercise on obese college women. J Am Diet Assn 1970; 56:126–129.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Oscai LB, Williams BT. Effect of exercise on overweight middle-aged males. J Am Geriatr Soc 1968; 16:794–797.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Boileau RA, Buskirk ER, Horstman DH, Mendez J, Nicholas WC. Body compositional changes in obese and lean med during physical conditioning. Med Sci Sports 1971; 3:183–189.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Verwegen CR, Ijedema MJ, Wijckmans NE, Saris WH. Acute effects of exercise or sauna on appetite in obese and nonobese men. Physiol Behav 1997; 62:1345–1354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Leon AS, Conrad J, Hunninghake DB, Serfass R. Effects of a vigorous walking program on body composition and lipid metabolism of obese young men. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 33:1776–1787.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Pi-Sunyer FX. Effect of exercise on food intake. In: Hirsch J, Van Itallie TB, eds. Recent Advances in Obesity Research, Vol. 4. John Libbey, London, UK, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1625–1638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Physical Activity and Fitness Research Digest. Physical activity and cancer 1995; 2:1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Murphy TK, Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Kahn HS, Thun MJ. Body mass index and colon cancer mortality in a large prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152:847–854.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Lew EA, Garfinkel L. Variations in mortality by weight among 750,000 men and women. J Chron Dis 1979; 32:563–576.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Bernstein L. Henderson BE, Hanisch R, Sullivan-Halley J, Ross RK. Physical exercise and reduced risk of breast cancer in young women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 1403–1408.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Gilliland FD, Li YF, Baumgartner K, Crumley D, Samet JM. Physical activity and breast cancer risk in hispanic and non-hispanic white women. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154:442–450.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Friedenreich CM, Courneya KS, Bryant HE. Influence of physical activity in different age and life periods on the risk of breast cancer. Epidemiol 2001; 12:604–612.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Sinyor D, Schwartz SG, Peronnet F, Brisson G, Seraganian P. Aerobic fitness level and reactivity to psychosocial stress: physiological, biochemical and subjective measures. Psychosomat Med 1983; 45: 205–217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Keller S, Seraganian P. Physical fitness level and automatic reactivity to psychosocial stress. J of Psychosomat Res 1984; 28:279–287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Tucker LA, Cole GE, Friedman GM. Physical fitness: a buffer against stress. Percep Mot Skill 1986; 63:955–961.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Crews DJ, Landers, DM. A meta-analytic review of aerobic fitness and reactivity to psychosocial stressors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987; 19:S114–120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Brownell KD, Stunkard AJ. Physical activity in the development and control of obesity. In Stunkard AJ, ed. Obesity. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1980, pp. 300–324.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Horton ES. The role of exercise in the prevention and treatment of obesity. In: Bray GA, ed. Obesity in Perspective, Vol. 2, Part 1. DHEW Publication No. [NIH]75—708). US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1975, pp. 62–66.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Mahoney KB. Adipose cellularity as a predictor of responsiveness to treatment of obesity. PhD dissertation. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Wilson GT, Brownell KD. Behavior therapy for obesity: an evaluation of treatment outcome. Adv Behav Res Ther 1980; 3:49–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Mattsson E, Larsson UE, Rossner S. Is walking for exercise too exhausting for obese women? Int J Obes Rel Metab Disorders 1997; 21:380–386.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Rikli RE, McManis BG. Effects of exercise on bone mineral content in post menopausal women. Res Quart Exerc Sport 1990; 61:243.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Perri MG, Martin AD, Leermakers EA, Sears SF, Notelovitz M. Effects of group-versus home-based exercise in the treatment of obesity. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997; 65:278–285.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 6th Ed. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2000, pp. 12–26,153-175, 211, 214-216.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Foster GD, Wadden TA, Phelan S, Sarwer DB, David B, Sanderson RS. Obese patients’ perceptions of treatment outcomes and the factors that influence them. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161:2133–2139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Borg GAV. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14:377–381.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Wadden TA, Sternberg JA, Letizia KA, Stunkard AJ, Foster GD. Treatment of obesity by very low calorie diet, behavior therapy, and their combination: a five year perspective. Int J Obes 1989; 13: S39–46.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Anderson JW, Hontz EC, Frederich RC, Wood CL. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74:579–584.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. American Dietetic Association. American Diabetes Assoc. Exchange Lists for Weight Management. American Dietetic Association, Chicago, IL, 2003, p. 40

    Google Scholar 

  110. Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 5th Ed. American Dietetic Association, Chicago, IL, 1996, p. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  111. NIH Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adult—the Evidence Report. Publication no. 98-4083. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, 1998; pp. 75, 95.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Institute of Medicine. Weighing the Options, Criteria for Evaluating Weight-Management Programs. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1995; p. 81, pp. 108–109.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Bray GA. Contemporary diagnosis and management of obesity. Handbooks in Healthcare, Newtown, PA, 1998, pp. 219–223.

    Google Scholar 

  114. American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Weight Management. JADA 2002; 102:1150.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Wadden T, Itallie T, Blackburn G. Responsible and irresponsible use of very low calorie diets in treatment of obesity. JAMA 1990; 263:83–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, National Institutes of Health. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993; 119:688–698.

    Google Scholar 

  117. ADA. Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th Ed. American Dietetic Association, Chicago, IL, 2000, p. 374.

    Google Scholar 

  118. NIH Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adult-the Evidence Report. Obes Res 1998; 6:111S.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, The National Institute for Fitness and Sport, Indianapolis, IN

    Edward T. Mannix PhD, Jodi Hazard MS, Reed J. Engel MD & Michael F. Busk MD, MPH

  2. Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN

    Edward T. Mannix PhD

  3. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN

    Helmut O. Steinberg MD & Stacey Faryna RD

Authors
  1. Edward T. Mannix PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Helmut O. Steinberg MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Stacey Faryna RD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jodi Hazard MS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Reed J. Engel MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Michael F. Busk MD, MPH
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine and PRN Consulting, Indianapolis, IN

    David J. Goldstein MD, PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Humana Press Inc.,Totowa,NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mannix, E.T., Steinberg, H.O., Faryna, S., Hazard, J., Engel, R.J., Busk, M.F. (2005). The Role of Physical Activity, Exercise, and Nutrition in the Treatment of Obesity. In: Goldstein, D.J. (eds) The Management of Eating Disorders and Obesity. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-865-X:181

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-865-X:181

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-341-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-865-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation