Abstract
Disease expression in vascular dementia (VaD) is heterogeneous and provides several potential targets for treatment, including (1) symptomatic improvement of the core symptoms (cognition, function, and behavior), (2) slowing of progression, and (3) treatment of secondary manifestation that affect cognition (e.g., depression, anxiety, and agitation) (1).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Rockwood K, Gauthier S, Erkinjuntti T. Prevention and treatment of vascular dementia. In: Erkinjuntti T, Gauthier S, eds. Vascular Cognitive Impairment. London, UK: Martin Duniz Ltd, 2002, pp. 587–595.
Sawada T, Whitehouse PJ. Regulatory guidelines for antidementia drugs. In: Erkinjuntti T, Gauthier S, eds. Vascular Cognitive Impairment. London, UK: Martin Duniz Ltd, 2002, pp. 619–627.
Ferris S, Gauthier S. Cognitive outcome measures in vascular dementia. In: Erkinjuntii T, Gauthier S, eds. Vascular Cognitive Impairment. London, UK: Martin Duniz Ltd, 2002, pp. 395–400.
Quinn J, Moore M, Benson DF, et al. A videotaped CIBIC for dementia patients: validity and reliability in simulated clinical trial. Neurology 2002;58(3):433–437.
Orgogozo J-M., Rigaud A-S., Stoffler A, Mobius H-J, Forette F. Efficacy and safety of Memantine in patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial (MMM 300). Stroke 2002;33:1834–1839.
Royall D, Roman G. Executive control function: a rational basis for the diagnosis of vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999;13(Suppl 3):69–80.
Royall DR. Executive cognitive impairment: a novel perspective on dementia. Neuroepidemiology 2000;19:293–299.
Pohjasvaara T, Leskela M, Vataja R, et al. Post-stroke depression, executive dysfunction and functional outcome. Eur J Neurol 2002;9:269–275.
Chui E, Yastrubetskaya O, Williams M. Pharmacotherapy of mood and behavior symptoms. In: Erkinjuntti T, Gauthier S, eds. Vascular Cognitive Impairment. London, UK: Martin Duniz Ltd., 2002, pp. 597–605.
Gauthier S, Gelinas I. Evaluation of daily activities in vascular cognitive impairment. In: Erkinjuntti T, Gauthier S, eds. Vascular Cognitive Impairment. London, UK: Martin Duniz Ltd., 2002, pp. 411–416.
Walsh AC, Walsh BH, Melaney C. Senile-presenile dementia: follow-up data on an effective psychotherapy-anticoagulant regimen. J Am Geriatr Soc 1978;26:467–470.
Doody RS, Stevens JC, Beck C, et al. Practice parameter: management of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2001;56:1154–1166.
Erkinjuntti T, Rockwood K. Vascular cognitive impairment. Psychogeriatrics 2001;l:27–38.
Erkinjuntti T. Cerebrovascular dementia. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. CNS Drugs 1999;12:35–48.
Inzitari D, Lamassa M, Pantoni L. Treatment of vascular dementias. In: Bowler JV, Hachinski V, eds. Vascular Cognitive Impairment Preventable Dementia. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003, pp. 277–292.
Rother M, Erkinjuntti T, Roessner M, Kittner B, Marcusson I, Karlsson I. Propentofylline in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Dementia Geriatr Cogn Disord 1998;9(Suppl 1):36–43.
Pantoni L, Carosi M, Amigoni S, Mascalchi M, Inzitari D. A preliminary open trial with nimodipine in patients with cognitive impairment and leukoaraiosis. Clin Neuropharmacol 1996;19:497–506.
Mielke R, Moller H-J, Erkinjunti T, Rosenkranz B, Rother M, Kittner B. Propentofylline in the treatment of vascular dementia and Alzheimer-type dementia: overview of phase I and phase II clinical trials. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1998;12(Suppl 2):29–35.
Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Work Group. Neurology 1993;43:250–260.
Pischel T. Long-term-efficacy and safety of propentofylline in patients with vascular dementia. Results of a 12-month placebo-controlled trial [abstract]. Neurobiol Aging 1998;19(Suppl):S182.
Pantoni L, Rossi R, Inzitari D, et al. Efficacy and safety of nimodipine in subcortical vascular dementia: a subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian multi-infarct dementia trial. J Neurol Sci 2000;175:124–134.
Pantoni L, Bianchi C, Beneke M, Inzitari D, Wallin A, Erkinjunti T. The Scandinavian multi-infarct dementia trial: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on nimodipine in multi-infarct dementia. J Neurol Sci 2000,175:116–123.
Erkinjuntti T, Inzitari D, Pantoni L, et al. Research criteria for subcortical vascular dementia in clinical trials. J Neural Transm 2000;59(Suppl):23–30.
Lopez-Arieta BJ. Nimodipine for primary degenerative, mixed and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Sys Rev 2001;1:CD000147.
Görtelmeyer R, Erbler H. Memantine in treatment of mild to moderate dementia syndrome. Drug Res 1992;42:904–912.
Winblad B, Poritis N. Clinical improvement in a placebo-controlled trial with memantine in care-dependent patients with severe dementia [abstract]. Neurobiol Aging 1998;19(Suppl):S303.
Wilcock G, Möbius HJ, Stoffler A, on behalf of the MMM 500 group. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study of memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia (MMM500). Intl Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;17:297–305.
Möbius HJ, Stöffler A. Memantine in vascular dementia. Intl Psychogeriatrics 2003;15(Suppl l):207–213.
Möbius HJ, Stöffler A. New approaches to clinical trials in vascular dementia: Memantine in small vessel disease. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;13(Suppl 2):61–66.
Vinters HV, Ellis WG, Zarow C, et al. Neuropathologic substrates of ischemic vascular dementia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000;60:658–659.
Selden NR, Gitelman DR, Salamon-Murayama N, Parrsh TB, Mesulam MM. Trajectories of cholinergic pathways within the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain. Brain 1998;121:2249–2257.
Mesulam M, Siddique T, Cohen B. Cholinergic denervation in a pure multi-infarct state: observations on CADASIL. Neurology 2003;60:1183–1185.
Togashi H, Matsumoto K, Yoshida M. Neurochemical profiles in cerebrospinal fluid of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Neurosci Lett 1994;166:117–120.
Freidle RL. A comparative histochemical mapping of the distribution of butyrylcholinesterase in the brains of four species of animals, including man. Acta Anat (Basel) 1967;66:161–177.
Court JA, Perry EK, Kalaria RN. Neurotransmitter control of the cerebral vasculature and abnormalities in vascular dementia. In: Erkinjuntti T, Gauthier S, eds. Vascular Cognitive Impairment. London, UK: Martin Duniz Ltd., 2002, pp. 167–185.
Winblad B, Brodaty H, Gauthier S, et al. Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s disease: is there a need to redefine treatment success? Intl J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;16:388–390.
Pratt RD, Perdomo CA, the Donepezil VaD 307 and 308 Study Groups. Donepezil-treated patients with probable vascular dementia demonstrate cognitive benefits. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;977:513–522.
Black S, Roman GC, Geldmacher DS, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of Donepezil in vascular dementia. Positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke 2003;34:2323–2332.
Wilkinson D, Doody R, Helme R, et al. Donepezil in vascular dementia. A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 2003;61:479–486.
Erkinjunti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Chandrasekharrao VD. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. J Am Ger Soc 2002;359:1283–1290.
McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurology 1984;34:939–944.
Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Small GW, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju CV. An open-label extension trial of galantamine in patients with probable vascular dementia and mixed dementia. Clin Ther 2003;25:1765–1782.
Small G, Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Lilienfeld S. Galantamine in the treatment of cognitive decline in patients with vascular dementia or Alzheimer’s disease with cerebrovascular disease. CNS Drugs 2003;17:905–914.
Erkinjuntti T. Cognitive decline and treatment options for patients with vascular dementia. Acta Neurologica Scand 2002;106(Suppl 178):15–18.
Kurz AF, Erkinjuntti T, Small GW, Lilienfeld S, Damarju CV. Long-term safety and cognitive effects of galantamine in the treatment of probable vascular dementia or Alzheimer’s disease with cerebrovascular disease. Eur J Neurol 2003;10:663.
Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Cazzato G. Rivastigmine in subcortical vascular dementia: a comparison trial on efficacy and tolerability for 12 months follow-up. Eur J Neurol 2001;8:361–362.
Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Cazzato G, Bava A. Rivastigmine in subcortical vascular dementia: an open 22-month study. J Neurol Sci 2002;203:141–146.
Kumar V, Anand R, Messian J. An efficacy and safety analysis of Exelon in Alzheimer’s disease with concurrent vascular risk factors. Eur J Neurol 2000;7:159–169.
Erkinjuntti T, Skoog I, Lane R, Andrews C. Rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and concurrent hypertension. Intl J Clin Pract 2002;56:791–796.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Erkinjuntti, T., Román, G., Gauthier, S., Rockwood, K. (2005). Pharmacological Treatment of Vascular Dementia. In: Paul, R.H., Cohen, R., Ott, B.R., Salloway, S. (eds) Vascular Dementia. Current Clinical Neurology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-824-2:297
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-824-2:297
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-366-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-824-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)