Skip to main content

Halogenation and Disinfection

  • Chapter
Physicochemical Treatment Processes

Abstract

Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are the elements of the halogen family. Fluorine, in its oxidizing form, has no practical value in water or wastewater treatment systems. Of the other three, chlorine is by far the commonly used and thus will receive most of attention in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. G. C. White, Handbook of Chlorination, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, NY, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  2. E. W. Moore, Water Sewage Works, 93, 130 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  3. W. J. Weber, Jr., Physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control, Wiley, New York, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  4. G. M. Fair, J. C. Geyer, and D. S. Okun, Water and Wastewater Engineering, Vol. 2, Wiley, New York, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  5. M. L. Granstrom, Disproportionation of Monochloramine, Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  6. J. C. Morris, I. Weil, and R. N. Culver, Kinetic Studies on the Break point with Ammonia and Glycerine, Technical Report, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  7. R. Hulbert, JAWWA, 26, 1638 (1934).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. AWWA, WEF, and APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Am. Public Health Assoc., Washington, DC, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  9. J. A. Borchardt, Symposium—Oxidation and Adsorption, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  10. M. Taras, JAWWA 45, 47 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. M. L. Granstrom and G. F. Lee, JAWWA 50, 1453 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. H. Dodgen and H. Taube, J Am. Chem. Soc. 71, 2501 (1949).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. R. N. Anston JAWWA 39, 687 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  14. R. J. Mounsey and C. Hagar JAWWA 38, 1051 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. R. Coote Water Sewage Works 97, 13 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. R. Harlock and R. Dowlin, R Water Sewage Works. 100, 74 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. W. C. Ringer and S. J. Cambell, JAWWA 47, 740 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. J. F. Maples, Eff. Water Treatment J. 370, (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  19. J. K. Johannesson, Am. J. Public Health, 50, 1731 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. S. L. Chang, Am. J. Pharm 48, 17 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  21. J. C. Morris, Proc. of Joint Symposium, The Society for Water Treatment and Examination and the Water Research Association, Univ. of Reading, England, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  22. US EPA, Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards, U. S. Federal Register 40, 51, Ph llb90-ll998, Mar. 14, 1975. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  23. US EPA, Proposed Criteria for Water Quality, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, Vol. I, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  24. J. H. McDermott, JAWWA. 66, 693 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  25. G. C. White, JAWWA 66, 689 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  26. AWWA Water Treatment Plant Design, American Water Works Association, Washington, DC, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  27. R. L. Culp, JAWWA. 66, 699 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. M. A. Benarde, B. M. Israel, V. P. Oliveri, and M. L. Granstrom, Applied Microbiology, 13, 776 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. M. A. Benarde, W. B. Snow, V. P. Oliveri, and B. Davidson, Applied Microbiology, 15, 257 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. T. A. Koski, L. S. Stuart, and L. F. Ortenzio, Applied Microbiology, 14, 68 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  31. J. E. McKee, C. J. Brokaw, and R. T. McLaughlin, JWPCF, 32, 795 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. S. L. Chang, J. Am. Pharm. Edu., 47, 417 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. J. C. Morris, S. L. Chang, G. M. Fair, and G. H. Conent, Jr., Industrial Engineering Chemistry. 45, 1013 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. S. L. Chang and J. C. Morris, Industrial Engineering Chemistry 45, 1009 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. J. J. McCarthy and C. H. Smitli, JAWWA 66, 718 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Black and Veatch, Consulting Engineers, Estimating Cost and Manpower Requirement for Conventional Wastewater Treatment Facilities, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  37. H. G. Bleckor and T. W. Cedman, Capital and Operating Cost of Pollution Control Modules, Vol. I, US Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  38. N. G. Bleckor and T. M. Nichols, Capital and Operating Cost of Pollution Control Modules, Vol. II, US Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  39. T. F. Marhaba, Water Engineering Management, January, 30–34 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  40. T. Governor, Water Engineering Management, February, 30–33 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  41. A. Lafarge, Water Engineering Management, May, 24–26 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  42. P. Westerhoff, J. Debroux, G. L. Amy, D. Gatel, V. Mary, and J. Cavard, JAWWA, 92, 89–102 (2000).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. F. W. Pontius, JAWWA, 92, 14–22 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  44. A. C. Diehl, G. E. Speitel Jr., J. M. Symons, S. W. Krasner, C. J. Hwang, and S. E. Barrett, JAWWA, 92, 76–89 (2000).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. W. Sung, B. Reilley-Matthews, D. K. O’Day, and K. Horrigan, JAWWA, 92, 53–63 (2000).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. D. Rittmann and J. Tenney, Water Engineering Management, 22–30 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  47. K. Bell-Ajy, E. Mortezn, D. V. Ibrahim, and M. Lechevallier, JAWWA, 92, 44–53 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  48. M. J. McGuire, N. I. Lieu, and M. S. Peatube, JAWWA 91, 52–61 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. M. A. El-Shafy and A. Grunwald, Water Research 34, 3453–3459 (2000).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. G. Gorden, JAWWA 91, 163–174 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  51. W. Sung, B. Reilley-Matthews, D. K. O’Day, and K. Horrigan, JAWWA, 92, 53–63 (2000).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. D. C. Alicicia, G. E. Speitel, Jr., J. M. Symons, S. W. Krasner, C. J. Hwang, and S. E. Barrett, JAWWA. 92, 76–90 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  53. E. E. Walid, H. Abu-Qdais, and M. K. Elsheamy, Water Research, 34, 3431–3439 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. T. Grosvenor, Water Engineering Management, 30–39 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  55. K. Hartz, Water Engineering Management, August, 21–23 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  56. M. L. Granstrom, Halogenation. Technical Report LIR-01-87-224. Lenox Institute of Water Technology (formerly Lenox Intitute for Research), Lenox, MA, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  57. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Water Treatment by Disinfection, Flotation and Ion Exchange Process Systems. US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, PB82-213349, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  58. L. K. Wang, JAWWA, 74, 304–310, (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  59. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Over One-Year Operation of Lenox Water Treatment Plant—Part 1, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, PB83-247270, July, 1983, pp. 1–264.

    Google Scholar 

  60. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Over One-Year Operation of Lenox Water Treatment Plant—Part 2, US Dept of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. PB83-247288, July, 1983, pp. 265–425.

    Google Scholar 

  61. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Removal of Trihalomethane Precursors and Coliform Bacteria by Lenox Flotation-Filtration Plant, Water Quality and Public Health Conference, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, Technical Report PB83-244053, 1983, pp. 17–29.

    Google Scholar 

  62. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Development of a New Water Treatment Process for Decreasing the Potential for THM Formation, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, PB81-202541, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  63. L. K. Wang, Standards and Guides of Water Treatment and Water Distribution Systems, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, PB88-177902/AS, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  64. L. K. Wang, Drinking Water Standards and Regulations, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, PB88-178058/AS, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  65. L. K. Wang, J. New England Water Works Association, 89, 250–270 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. L. K. Wang, Water Resources Bulletin, Journal of American Water Resources Association, 11, 919–933, (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. L. K. Wang, Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Complete Water Reuse, June 1976, pp. 252–258.

    Google Scholar 

  68. L. K. Wang, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Product Research and Development, 14, 308–312 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. L. K. Wang, Water and Sewage Works, 125, 30–32, (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. L. K. Wang, Water and Sewage Works, 125, 58–62, (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. L. K. Wang, Water and Sewage Works, 125, 99–104, (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. L. K. Wang, Pretreatment and Ozonation of Cooling Tower Water, Part I, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. PB84-192053, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  73. L. K. Wang, Pretreatment and Ozonation of Cooling Tower Water, Part II, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, PB84-192046, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  74. L. K. Wang, A Modified Standard Method for the Determination of Ozone Residual Concentration by Spectrophotometer, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, PB84-204684, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Editor, Environmental Protection 13, 149 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  76. P. S. Carturight, Water Conditioning and Purification, 45, 68–72, (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  77. Editor Water Quality Products, 8 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  78. J. L. Cleasby and G. S. Logsdon, Water Quality and Treatment, R. D. Letterman, ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1989, pp. 8.1–8.92.

    Google Scholar 

  79. B. Shipe, Water Conditioning and Purification, 45, 34–36 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  80. R. Nathanson, Water Quality Products 8, (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  81. US EPA Technologies for Upgrading Existing or Designing New Drinking Water Treatment Facilities. EPA/625-4-89/023. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  82. US Army, Engineering and Design—Design of Wastewater Treatment Facilities Major Systems. Engineering Manual No. 1110-2-501. US Army, Washington, DC, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Editor, Chem. Eng. Equipment Indices, McGraw-Hill Publishing, New York, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Editor, Engineering News Record. ENR Cost Indices, McGraw-Hill Publishing, New York, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Editor, Chem. Eng. 107, 410 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  86. J. C. Wang, D. B. Aulenbach, and L. K. Wang, Energy and Cost Models. In Clean Production (Misra, K. B., ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1996, pp. 685–720.

    Google Scholar 

  87. L. K. Wang, N. C. Pereira, and Y. T. Hung, (eds.) Advanced Air and Noise Pollution Control. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  88. US ACE, Civil Works Construction Cost Index System Manual, No. 1110-2-1304, US Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC, PP 44 (PDF file is available on the Internet; 2000-Tables Revised 31 March 2003 at http://www.nww.usace.army.mil/cost), 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  89. L. K. Wang, The State-of-the-Art Technologies for Water Treatment and Management. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Vienna, Austria. UNIDO Training Manual No. 8-8-95, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  90. HES, Recommended Standards for Water Works: Policies for the Review and Approval of Plans and Specifications for Public Water Supplies. Committee of the Great Lakes/Upper Mississippi River Board of Sanitary Engineers. Health Education Service, Albany, NY, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  91. L. K. Wang, Environmental Engineering Glossary, Calspan Corp. Buffalo, NY, 420 p, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  92. WEF, Glossary of Water Environment Terms. Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  93. M. J. Pidwirny, Fundamentals of Physical Geography. Department of Geography, Okanagan University, Canada (http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/glossary), 2003

    Google Scholar 

  94. D. Roy, E. Englebrecht, and E.S.K. Chian, JAWWA, 74, 660–664 (1982).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Sobsey, M. D. (1988). Detection and Chlorine Disinfection of Hepatitus A in Water. CR-813-024. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  96. L. K. Wang and S. Kopko, City of Cape Coral Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment Facility, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. PB97-139547. 1997 [Proceedings of Advances in Filtration and Separation Technology, American Filtration and Separation Society, Vol. 11, pp. 499–506 1997].

    Google Scholar 

  97. L. K. Wang, Y. T. Hung and N. K. Shammas (eds.), Physicochemical Treatment Processes. Humana Press, Totawa, NJ. 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  98. L. K. Wang, N. K. Shammas and Y. T. Hung (eds.), Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Processes. Humana Press, Totawa, NJ. 2005

    Google Scholar 

  99. M. H. S. Wang (formerly M. H. Sung). Adsorption of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Using a Continuous Mixing Tank with Activated Carbon. Master thesis. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI. 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  100. L. K. Wang, Y. T. hung, H. H. Lo and C. Yapijakis (eds.) Handbook of Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment. Marcel Dekker Inc., NYC, NY. 2004.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wang, L.K., Yuan, PC., Hung, YT. (2005). Halogenation and Disinfection. In: Wang, L.K., Hung, YT., Shammas, N.K. (eds) Physicochemical Treatment Processes. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 3. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-820-x:271

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics