Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Physicochemical Treatment Processes pp 141–197Cite as

Chemical Precipitation

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 3))

Abstract

Chemical precipitation in water and wastewater treatment is the change in form of materials dissolved in water into solid particles. Chemical precipitation is used to remove ionic constituents from water by the addition of counter-ions to reduce the solubility. It is used primarily for the removal of metallic cations, but also for removal of anions such as fluoride, cyanide, and phosphate, as well as organic molecules such as the precipitation of phenols and aromatic amines by enzymes (1) and detergents and oily emulsions by barium chloride (2).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. S. C. Atlow, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26, 599 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. B. Gomulka and E. Gomolka, Effluent Water Treat. J. (G.B.) 24, 119 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  3. D. Biver and A. Degols, Tech. de l’ Eau (Fr.), 428/429, 31, (1982); (abstr) WRC Info., 10, 83-0524 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  4. V. K. La Ver, J. Colloid Science l9, 291–293 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  5. R. C. Weast, ed. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  6. W. Stumm and J. J Morgan, Aquatic Chemistry, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  7. J. W. Patterson, Effect of carbonate ion on precipitation treatment of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc, Proceeding of 13th Annual Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, May, 8, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  8. J. S. Patterson, H. E. Allen, and J. J. Scala, JWPCF 49, 2397 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. L. D. Benefield, J. F. Judkins, and B. L. Weand, Process Chemistry for Water and Wastewater Treatment, Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  10. S. D. Conte and L. deBoor, Elementary Numerical Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  11. K. J. Yost and A. Scarfi, JWPCF 51, 1878 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. B. M. Kim and P. A. Amodeo, Environ. Prog. 2, 175 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. M. M. Benjamin, J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 54, 1472 (1982).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. G. M. Fair, J. C. Geyer, and D. A. Okun, Water and Wastewater Engineering, Vol. 2. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  15. US EPA, Process Design Manual for Suspended Solids Removal, EPA 625/1-75-003. US Environmental Protection Agency Technology, Washington, DC, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  16. D. W. Grosse, JAPCA, 36, May (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  17. D. Walker, Water Serv., 86, 165 (1982).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. T. E. Larson and A. M. Buswell, JAWWA 34, 1667 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. US EPA, Process Design Manual for Phosphorus Removal. US Environmental Protection Agency Technology, Washington, DC, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  20. D. B. Aulenbach, Proc. of the 16th Mid-alt Ind. Waste Conf. Proc. (June 24–26, 1984). Penn. State Univ., University Park, PA, vol. 16, P.318

    Google Scholar 

  21. P. Ekdunge and D. Simonsson, J. Chem Technol. Biotechnol. (Sweden), 34A, 1 (1984); (abstr.) WRC Info. 11, 84–1502 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Osaka Soda Co, Ltd. Japan Kokai Tokkyo koho (Jap.), Pat No. 83-49 490 (1983); Chem. Abstr., 99, 127894u (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  23. S. J. Randtke, JAWWA 74, 192 (1982).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. J. Huang, P. M. McCole, and R. K. Breuer, Proceedings of the 30th Annual Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, May 8, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  25. US EPA, Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Battery Manufacturing Point Source Category. EPA 440/1-80/067. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  26. US EPA, Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source Category. EPA-440/1-79/007. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  27. US EPA, Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Auto and other Laundries Point Source Category. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  28. US EPA, Development Document for Existing Source Pretreatment Standards for the Electroplating Point Source Category. EPA-440/1-79/003. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  29. US EPA, Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category; general. EPA-440/1-80/024-b. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  30. US EPA, Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category; Coke Making Subcategory, Sintering Subcategory, Iron Making Subcategory, Volume II. EPA-440/1-80/024-b. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  31. US EPA, Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category; Hot Forming Subcategory, Volume IV. EPA-440/1-80/024-b. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  32. US EPA, Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Coil Coating Point Source Category. EPA-440/1-81/071-b. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  33. US EPA, Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Foundries (metal molding and casting) Point Source Category. EPA-440/1-80/070-a. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  34. US EPA, Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Metal Finishing Point Source Category. EPA-440/1-80/091-a. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  35. US EPA, Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Textile Mills Point Source Category. EPA-440/1-79/022-b. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  36. US EPA, Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Aluminum Forming Point Source Category. EPA-440/1-80/073-a. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  37. US EPA, Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Electrical and Electronic Components Point Source Category. EPA-440/1-80/075-a. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  38. US EPA, Process Design Manual for Upgrading Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants. EPA-625/1-71-004a. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  39. US EPA, Control and Treatment Technology for the Metal Finishing Industry, Sulfide Precipitation. Summary report. EPA-625/8-80/003 US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  40. N. Shammas and N. DeWitt, Water Environment Federation, 65th Annual Conference, Proc. Liquid Treatment Process Symposium, New Orleans, LA, September 20–24, 1992, pp. 223–232.

    Google Scholar 

  41. N. Shammas and M. Krofta, A Compact Flotation-Filtration Tertiary Treatment Unit for Wastewater Reuse, Water Reuse Symposium, AWWA, Dallas, TX, February 27, pp. 97–109, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  42. M. Krofta, D. Miskovic, N. Shammas, and D. Burgess, Pilot Scale Applications of a Primary-Secondary Flotation System on Three Municipal Wastewaters. Specialist Conference on Flotation Processes in Water and Sludge Treatment, Orlando, FL, April 26–28, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  43. M. Krofta, D. Miskovic, N. Shammas, D. Burgess, and L. Lampman, IAWQ 17th Biennial International Conference, Budapest, Hungary, July 24–30, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  44. N. Shammas, Proc. International Conference: Rehabilitation and Development of Civil Engineering Infrastructure Systems—Upgrading of Water and Wastewater Treatment Facilities. Organized by The American University of Beirut and University of Michigan, Beirut, Lebanon, June 9–11, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  45. L. K. Wang, Water and Sewage Works, 119, p. 123–125 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  46. L. K. Wang, Journal American Water Works Association, 65, 355–358 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. M. H. Wang, T. Wilson, and L. K. Wang, Journal of American Water Resources Association, 10, 283–294 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. L. K. Wang, Resource Recovery and Conservation. 1, 67–84 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. M. H. Wang, T. Wilson, and L. K. Wang, Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 100, 629–640 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. L. K. Wang, Treatment of a Wastewater from Military Explosive and Propellant Production Industry by Physicochemical Processes. US Defense Technical Information Center, Alexandria, VA, AD-A027329, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  51. L. K. Wang, Separation and Purification Methods, 6(1), 153–187 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. L. K. Wang, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 60, 116–122 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. M. Krofta and L.K. Wang, First Full Scale Flotation Plant in U.S.A. for Potable Water Treatment, US Department. of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, PB82-220690, 1982, p. 67.

    Google Scholar 

  54. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, (1984) ASPE Journal of Engineering Plumbing, 1–16, NTISPB83-107961, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  55. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Civil Engineering for Practicing and Design Engineers, 3, 253–272 (NTIS-PB83-171165) (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  56. L. K. Wang, American Institute of Chemical Engineers National Conference, Houston, TX, NTIS-PB83-232843 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  57. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, American Institute of Chemical Engineers National Conference, Houston, TX, NTIS-PB83-232850, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  58. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Recent Advances in Titanium Dioxide Recover, Filler Retention and White Water Treatment, US Dept of Commence, National Technical Information Service, 1983, PB83-219543.

    Google Scholar 

  59. L. K. Wang, Removal of Extremely High Color from Water Containing Trihalomethane Precursor by Flotation and Filtration, US Dept. of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 1982, PB83-240374.

    Google Scholar 

  60. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Design of Innovative Flotation Waste Wastewater Treatment Systems for A Nickel-Chromium Plating Plate, US Dept. of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 1984, PB88-200522/AS.

    Google Scholar 

  61. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Waste Treatment by Innovative Flotation-Filtration and Oxygenation-Ozonation Process, US Department of Commerce, National Technical information Service, 1984, PB85-174738-AS.

    Google Scholar 

  62. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Development of Innovative Electroflotation Water Purification System Service for Single Families and Small Communities, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1984, PB85-207595/AS.

    Google Scholar 

  63. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Proceedings of the American Water Works Association, Water Reuse Symposium III, Vol. 2, 1984, pp. 881–898.

    Google Scholar 

  64. L. K. Wang, Removal of Arsenic from Water and Wastewater. US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1984, PB86-169299.

    Google Scholar 

  65. L. K. Wang, Development of New Treatment System Consisting of Adsorption Flotation and Filtration, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 1984, PB85-209401/AS.

    Google Scholar 

  66. W. Layer and L. K. Wang, Water Purification and Wastewater Treatment with Sodium Aluminate, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1984, PB85-214-492/AS.

    Google Scholar 

  67. L. K. Wang, Removal of Arsenic and Other Contaminants from Storm Run-off Water by Flotation, Filtration, Adsorption and Ion Exchange. US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 1984, PB88-200613/AS.

    Google Scholar 

  68. L. K. Wang, OCEESA Journal 1, 15–18, 1984, NTIS-PB85-167229/AS.

    Google Scholar 

  69. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Proceedings of the Powder and Bulk Solids Conference, Chicago, 11, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  70. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Treatment of Scallop Processing Wastewater by Flotation, Adsorption and Ion Exchanging, Technical Report #LIR/05-85/139, Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  71. M. Krofta, and L. K. Wang, Proceedings of the 41st Industrial Waste Conference, Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 1987, pp. 67–72

    Google Scholar 

  72. L. K. Wang, Tertiary Wastewater Treatment. US Department of Commerce, National Technical information Service, Springfield, VA, 1987, PB88-168133/A.

    Google Scholar 

  73. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry Journal, (TAPPI Journal) 70, 92–96, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Municipal Waste Treatment by Supracell Flotation, Chemical Oxidation and Star System, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 1986, PB88-200548/AS.

    Google Scholar 

  75. L. K. Wang, Design Operation and Maintenance of the Nation’s Largest Physicochemical Waste Treatment Plant, Volume 1, Lenox Institute for Research, MA, Report #LIR/03-87-248, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  76. L. K. Wang, Design Operation and Maintenance of the Nation’s Largest Physicochemical Waste Treatment Plant, Volume 2, Lenox Institute for Research, MA, Report #LIR/03-87-249, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  77. L. K. Wang, Design Operation and Maintenance of the Nation’s Largest Physicochemical Waste Treatment Plant, Volume 3, Lenox Institute for Research, MA, Report #LIR/03-87-250, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  78. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang Proceedings of the Joint Conference of American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation, Cheyenne, WY, 1987 (NTIS-PB88-200563/AS).

    Google Scholar 

  79. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Proceedings of the 42nd Industrial Waste Conference, pp. 185, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  80. L. K. Wang, Preliminary Design Report of a 10-MGD Deep Shaft-Flotation Plant for the City of Bangor, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 1987, PB88-200597/AS.

    Google Scholar 

  81. L. K. Wang, Preliminary Design Report of a 10-MGD Deep Shaft-Flotation Plant for the City of Bangor, Appendix, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 1987, PB88-200605/AS.

    Google Scholar 

  82. M. Krofta and L. K. Wang, Proceedings of the 1988 Food Processing Conference, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  83. L. K. Wang, Proceedings of the 44th Industrial Waste Conference, 1990, pp. 655–666.

    Google Scholar 

  84. L. K. Wang, Proceedings of the 44th Industrial Waste Conference, 1990, pp. 667–673.

    Google Scholar 

  85. L. K. Wang, Proceedings of New York-New Jersey Environmental Exposition, Belmont, MA, Oct. 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  86. L. K. Wang, Water Treatment, 8, 7–16 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. L. K. Wang, Water Treatment, 10, 121–134 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. L. K. Wang, Water Treatment, 10, 261–282 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. L. K. Wang, OCEESA Journal, 13, 12–16 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  90. L. K. Wang and S. Kopko, City of Cape Coral Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment Facility. US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1997, Publication # PB97-139547.

    Google Scholar 

  91. L. D. Benefield and J. M. Morgan, Chemical Precipitation, in Water Quality and Treatment. R. D. Letterman, ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., NY, 1999, pp. 10.1–10.57.

    Google Scholar 

  92. L. K. Wang, C. Yapijakis, Y. Li, and Y.T. Hung, OCEESA Journal 20,No. 2 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  93. L. K. Wang, The State-of-the-Art Technologies for Water Treatment and Management. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Vienna, Austria. UNIDO Training Manual No. 8-8-95, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  94. US EPA. Chemical Precipitation. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, Sept. 2000, EPA832-F-00-018.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Ondeo Nalco Co. Chemical Precipitation. Ondeo Nalco Co., Naperville, IL, 2004 (http://www.ondeonalco.com).

    Google Scholar 

  96. L. K. Wang, Y. T. Hung and N. K. Shammas (eds.). Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Processes. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, NY

    Lawrence K. Wang PhD, PE, DEE

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA

    Lawrence K. Wang PhD, PE, DEE

  3. Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA

    Lawrence K. Wang PhD, PE, DEE

  4. Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ

    David A. Vaccari PhD, PE, DEE

  5. Department of Environmental Management, State of Rhode Island, Providence, RI

    Yan Li PE, MS

  6. Graduate Environmental Engineering Program, Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA

    Nazih K. Shammas PhD

Authors
  1. Lawrence K. Wang PhD, PE, DEE
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David A. Vaccari PhD, PE, DEE
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yan Li PE, MS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nazih K. Shammas PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, NY

    Lawrence K. Wang PhD, PE, DEE

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA

    Lawrence K. Wang PhD, PE, DEE  & Nazih K. Shammas PhD  & 

  3. Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA

    Lawrence K. Wang PhD, PE, DEE

  4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH

    Yung-Tse Hung PhD, PE, DEE

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wang, L.K., Vaccari, D.A., Li, Y., Shammas, N.K. (2005). Chemical Precipitation. In: Wang, L.K., Hung, YT., Shammas, N.K. (eds) Physicochemical Treatment Processes. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 3. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-820-x:141

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation