Abstract
Imaging of the heart with computed tomography (CT) is challenging because the heart is continuously moving during data acquisition. As a result of the limited temporal resolution, the use of single-detector helical CT for noninvasive cardiac imaging was limited and resulted often in images with a high content of artifacts. The introduction of multidetector-row CT (MDCT) scanners by the end of 1998 laid the foundation for increased clinical use of CT for cardiac imaging. Partial view acquisition and retrospectively electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated helical reconstruction offered by 4-channel MDCT scanners, allow for a temporal resolution of up to 125 ms, combined with both a high spatial resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio 1. Last-generation 16-channel MDCT scanners permit scanning of the whole heart with an even higher temporal resolution of up to 105 ms within a convenient short breath-hold of about 18 s (2). Apart from visualization of coronary artery lumen and stenosis as well as detection and quantification of coronary calcification (3,4), these technical developments in CT technology also improved visualization of morphological details of the heart including the cardiac valves (5,6).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ohnesorge B, Flohr T, Becker C, et al. Cardiac imaging by means of electrocardiographically gated multisection spiral CT: initial experience. Radiology 2000;217:564–571.
Flohr T, Bruder H, Stierstorfer K, Simon J, Schaller S, Ohnesorge B. New technical developments in multislice CT, part 2: sub-millimeter 16-slice scanning and increased gantry rotation speed for cardiac imaging. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr 2002;174:1022–1027.
Achenbach S, Giesler T, Ropers D, et al. Detection of coronary artery stenoses by contrast-enhanced, retrospectively electrocardiographically-gated, multislice spiral computed tomography. Circulation 2001;103: 2535–2538.
Becker CR, Kleffel T, Crispin A, et al. Coronary artery calcium measurement: agreement of multirow detector and electron beam CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;176:1295–1298.
Willmann JK, Weishaupt D, Lachat M, et al. Electrocardiographically gated multi-detector row CT for assessment of valvular morphology and calcification in aortic stenosis. Radiology 2002;225: 120–128.
Willmann JK, Kobza R, Roos JE, et al. ECG-gated multi-detector row CT for assessment of mitral valve disease: initial experience. Eur Radiol 2002;12:2662–2669.
Gorlin R, Gorlin SG. Hydraulic formula for calculation of the area of the stenotic mitral valve, other valves and central circulatory shunts. Am Heart J 1951;41:1–29.
Otto CM, Lind BK, Kitzman DW, Gersh BJ, Siscovick DS. Association of aortic-valve sclerosis with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the elderly. N Engl J Med 1999;341:142–147.
Stewart BF, Siscovick D, Lind BK, et al. Clinical factors associated with calcific aortic valve disease. Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:630–634.
Otto CM, Burwash IG, Legget ME, et al. Prospective study of asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis. Clinical, echocardiographic, and exercise predictors of outcome. Circulation 1997;95: 2262–2270.
Rosenhek R, Binder T, Porenta G, et al. Predictors of outcome in severe, asymptomatic aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2000;343: 611–617.
Otto CM. Timing of aortic valve surgery. Heart 2000;84:211–218.
Shavelle DM, Takasu J, Budoff MJ, Mao S, Zhao XQ, O’Brien KD. HMG CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) and aortic valve calcium. Lancet 2002;359:1125–1126.
Adams DH, Chen RH, Kadner A, Aranki SF, Allred EN, Cohn LH. Impact of small prosthetic valve size on operative mortality in elderly patients after aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis: does gender matter? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;118:815–822.
Delius RE, Samyn MM, Behrendt DM. Should a bicuspid aortic valve be replaced in the presence of subvalvar or supravalvar aortic stenosis? Ann Thorac Surg 1998;66:1337–1342.
Luciani GB, Casali G, Mazzucco A. Risk factors for coronary complications after stentless aortic root replacement. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;11:126–132.
Boughaleb D, Mansourati J, Genet L, Barra J, Mondine P, Blanc JJ. [Permanent cardiac stimulation after aortic valve replacement: incidence, predictive factors and long-term prognosis]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1994;87: 925–930.
Adler Y, Fink N, Spector D, Wiser I, Sagie A. Mitral annulus calcification—a window to diffuse atherosclerosis of the vascular system. Atherosclerosis 2001;155:1–8.
Tenenbaum A, Shemesh J, Fisman EZ, Motro M. Advanced mitral annular calcification is associated with severe coronary calcification on fast dual spiral computed tomography. Invest Radiol 2000; 35:193–198.
Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M, Jr., Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:827–832.
Callister TQ, Cooil B, Raya SP, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ, Raggi P. Coronary artery disease: improved reproducibility of calcium scoring with an electron-beam CT volumetric method. Radiology 1998; 208: 807–814.
Hong C, Becker CR, Schoepf UJ, Ohnesorge B, Bruening R, Reiser MF. Coronary artery calcium: absolute quantification in nonenhanced and contrast-enhanced multi-detector row CT studies. Radiology 2002;223: 474–480.
Hunold P, Vogt FM, Schmermund A, et al. Radiation exposure during cardiac CT: effective doses at multi-detector row CT and electron-beam CT. Radiology 2003;226:145–152.
Jakobs TF, Becker CR, Ohnesorge B, et al. Multislice helical CT of the heart with retrospective ECG gating: reduction of radiation exposure by ECG-controlled tube current modulation. Eur Radiol 2002;12:1081–1086.
Flohr T, Stierstorfer K, Bruder H, Simon J, Schaller S. New technical developments in multislice CT—Part 1: approaching isotropic resolution with sub-millimeter 16-slice scanning. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr 2002;174:839–845.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Humana Press, Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Willmann, J.K., Weishaupt, D. (2005). Multidetector-Row CT for Assessment of Cardiac Valves. In: Schoepf, U.J. (eds) CT of the Heart. Contemporary Cardiology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-818-8:155
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-818-8:155
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-303-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-818-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)