Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Urban and Non-Metropolitan Disorders

  • Chapter
The Politics of Protest

  • 46 Accesses

Abstract

The previous two chapters have discussed various forms of protest which emerged after 1970. This period (especially after 1980) witnessed a considerable degree of disorder in which rioting was used by those at the bottom end of the social ladder to voice their grievances with the aim of forcing policy-makers to address them. This chapter considers the social background of those involved in actions of this type and the factors which motivated them to act as they did. It considers the response by the state which was designed to reduce the likelihood of further disorder occurring, paying particular attention to the issue of police reform whose impact is further discussed in Chapter 6.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • J. Alderson (1995) quoted in C. Crowther (2000) Policing Urban Poverty (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press – now Palgrave Macmillan)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Ali and C. O’Cinneide (2002) Our House? Race and Representation in British Politics (London: Institute of Public Policy Research)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Allen and J. Barratt (1996) The Bradford Commission Report: Report of an Inquiry into the Wider Implications of Public Disorders which Occurred on 9, 10 and 11 June 1995 (London: HMSO)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Anwar (1984) Ethnic Minorities and the 1983 General Election (London: Commission for Racial Equality)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Anwar and N. Kohler (1975) Participation of Ethnic Minorities in the General Election of October 1974 (London: Community Relations Commission)

    Google Scholar 

  • Audit Commission (1996) Misspent Youth…Young People and Crime (London: HMSO)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Bachrach and M. Baratz (1970) Power and Poverty: Theory and Practice (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Barker (1981) The New Racism (London: Junction Books)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Ben-Tovim, J. Gabriel, I. Law and K. Stredder (1986) The Local Politics of Race (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press – now Palgrave Macmillan)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • J. Benyon (1987) ‘Interpretations of Civil Disorder’, in J. Benyon and J. Solomos (eds) The Roots of Urban Unrest (Oxford: Pergamon Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Bishton, B. Homer and P. Nanton (1980) Talking Blues: the Black Community Speaks about its Relationship with the Police (Birmingham: AFFOR)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Blair (1999) ‘My Moral Manifesto for the Twenty-First Century’, Observer, 5 September

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Blunkett (2001) quoted Guardian, 9 July

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Brewer, A. Guelke, I. Hume, E. Moxon-Browne and R. Wilford (1996) The Police, Public Order and the State: Policing in Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the Irish Republic, the USA, Israel, South Africa and China (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press – now Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • J. Brown (1982) Policing by Multi-Racial Consent: the Handsworth Experience (London: Bedford Square Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Buck (1992) ‘Labour Market Inactivity and Polarisation: a Household Perspective on the Idea of an Underclass’, in D. Smith (ed.) Understanding the Underclass (London: Policy Studies Institute)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Bull and P. Horncastle (1986) Metropolitan Police Recruit Training: an Independent Evaluation (London: The Police Foundation)

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnley Task Force (2001a) Burnley Speaks, Who Listens? Burnley Task Force Report on the Disturbances in June 2001 (Burnley: Burnley Task Force)

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnley Task Force (2001b) Burnley Speaks, Who Listens? A Summary of the Burnley Task Force Report on the Disturbances in June 2001 (Burnley: Burnley Task Force)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Burton (1997) Violence Explained (Manchester: Manchester University Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabinet Office (2001) Reducing Racial Disadvantage (London: Cabinet Office)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Campbell (1991) ‘Kings of the Road’, Marxism Today, December E. Cashmore (1979) ‘The Rastaman Cometh’, New Society 41(777), 25 August

    Google Scholar 

  • City of Bradford (2001) Community Pride, Issue 2, Winter 2001–2002

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Cloward and L. Ohlin (1960) Delinquency and Opportunity (New York: Free Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Commission for Racial Equality (1994) CRE Connections (London: Commission for Racial Equality)

    Google Scholar 

  • Commission for Racial Equality (2001) Annual Report 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2000 (London: Commission for Racial Equality)

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Crewe (1979) ‘The Black, Brown and Green Votes’, New Society, 12 April, 76–8

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Dahya (1973) ‘Pakistanis in Britain: Transients or Settlers?’, Race, 14(3), 241–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N. Dennis (1993) Rising Crime and the Dismembered Family (London: Policy Studies Institute)

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Trade and Industry (2001) Towards Equality and Diversity (London: Department of Trade and Industry)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Eisinger (1973) ‘The Conditions of Protest Behavior in American Cities’, American Political Science Review, 67(1), March, 11–28

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Elliott (1999) ‘Labour Widens War on Poverty’, Guardian, 8 September

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Field (1989) Losing Out: the Emergence of Britain’s Underclass (London: Blackwell)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Field in C. Murray (1990) The Emerging British Underclass (London: Institute of Economic Affairs Health and Welfare Unit, Choice in Welfare Series No. 2)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Foot (1965) Immigration and Race in British Politics (Harmondsworth: Penguin)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Geddes (1993) ‘Asian and Afro-Caribbean Representation in Elected Local Government in England and Wales’, New Community, 20(1), 43–57

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Gerlach and V. Hine (1970) People, Power, Change: Movements of Social Transformation (Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Gifford (1989) Loosen the Shackles: First Report of the Liverpool 8 Inquiry into Race Relations in Liverpool (London: Karia Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Gordon (1983) White Law: Racism in the Police, Courts and Prisons (London: Pluto Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Greater London Council (1986) Policing London, November/December

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Gutzmore (1983) ‘Capital, Black Youth and Crime’, Race and Class, XXV(2), Autumn, 13–30

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Hague (2001) speech at Dover 18 May, quoted Guardian, 19 May

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Hall, C. Critcher, T. Jefferson, J. Clarke and B. Roberts (1978) Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order (London: Macmillan)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • P. Harris (2001) ‘Far Right Plot to Provoke Race Riots’, Observer, 3 June

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Heath (1992) ‘The Attitudes of the Underclass’, in D. Smith (ed.) Understanding the Underclass (London: Policy Studies Institute)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Benjamin Heineman (1972) The Politics of the Powerless: a Study of CARD (London: Oxford University Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Home Office (1982) Report of a Study Group: Recruitment into the Police Service of Members of the Ethnic Minorities (London: HMSO)

    Google Scholar 

  • Home Office (2001a) Building Cohesive Communities: a Report of the Ministerial Group on Public Order and Community Concern (London: Home Office)

    Google Scholar 

  • Home Office (2001b) Community Cohesion: a Report of the Independent Review Team Chaired by Ted Cantle (London: Home Office)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Jefferson (1990) The Case against Paramilitary Policing (Milton Keynes: Open University Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. John (1970) Race in the Inner City: a Report from Handsworth (London: Runnymede Trust)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Joshua and T. Wallace (1983) To Ride the Storm – the 1980 Bristol Riots and the State (London: Heinemann)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Joyce (1992) ‘A Decade of Disorder’, Policing, 8, Autumn, 232–48

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Kettle and L. Hodges (1982) Uprising! The Police, the People and the Riots in Britain’s Cities (London: Pan Books)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Kundnani (2001) ‘From Oldham to Bradford: the Violence of the Violated’, in A. Kundnani (ed.) The Three Faces of British Racism (London: Institute of Race Relations)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Lea and J. Young (1982) ‘The Riots in Britain 1981: Urban Violence and Political Marginalisation’, in D. Cowell, T. Jones and J. Young (eds) Policing the Riots (London: Junction Books)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberty (2001) quoted Observer, 1 July

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Loader (1996) Youth, Policing and Democracy (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press – now Palgrave Macmillan)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Local Government Information Unit (2000) Taking Part (London: Local Government Information Unit)

    Google Scholar 

  • London Borough of Lambeth (1981) Final Report of the Working Party into Community–Police Relations in Lambeth (London: Public Relations Division, London Borough of Lambeth)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. MacDonald (1997) ‘Dangerous Youth and the Dangerous Class’, in R. MacDonald (ed.) Youth, the ‘Underclass’ and Social Exclusion (London: Routledge)

    Google Scholar 

  • N. MacErlean, J. Insley and T. Boles (2001) ‘The Sack Strikes Back’, Observer, 29 April

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Macnicol (1987) ‘In Pursuit of the Underclass’, Journal of Social Policy, 16(3), 293–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Madood (1997) ‘Employment’, in T. Madood et al. (eds) Ethnic Minorities in Britain: Diversity and Disadvantage (London: Policy Studies Institute, The Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Morgan and C. Maggs (1985) Setting the PACE: Police–Community Consultation Arrangements in England and Wales (Bath: University of Bath, Bath Social Policy Paper Number 4)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Mortimore (2002) Effect of Candidate Ethnicity in the British General Elections of 1997 and 2001 (London: MORI)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss Side Defence Committee (1981) The Hytner Myths (Manchester: Moss Side Defence Committee)

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Murray (1989) Sunday Times Magazine, 26 November, reprinted in C. Murray (1994) Underclass: the Crisis Deepens (London: Institute of Economic Affairs Health and Welfare Unit, Choice in Welfare Series No. 20)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Myrdal (1964) The Challenge to Affluence (Chicago: Victor Gollancz)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sir G. Nabarro (1963) Any Questions? BBC Radio, 5 April, quoted in Sir G. Nabarro (1969) Portrait of a Politician (Oxford: Maxwell)

    Google Scholar 

  • NACRO (1999) Drug Driven Crime (London: NACRO)

    Google Scholar 

  • National Council for Civil Liberties (1981) Civil Disorder and Civil Liberties: Evidence to the Scarman Enquiry (London: NCCL)

    Google Scholar 

  • North Kensington Law Centre (1982) Police and the Notting Hill Community (London: North Kensington Law Centre)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Northam (1989) Shooting in the Dark: Riot Police in Action (London: Faber and Faber)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Oakley (1996) Race and Equal Opportunities in the Police Service (London: Commission for Racial Equality)

    Google Scholar 

  • Office for National Statistics (1996) Ethnicity in the 1991 Census (London: HMSO, Volume 3, edited by P. Radcliffe)

    Google Scholar 

  • Office for National Statistics (2001) Population Trends (London: TSO, Autumn)

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldham Independent Review (2001) One Oldham, One Future (Manchester: Government Office for the North West)

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldham Metropolitan Borough (2001) Projected Population Change in Oldham – Implications for the Council and the Borough (Oldham: Social Development Sub- Committee, Report of the Joint Officers, 31 July 2001, Item No. 4(7))

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Ouseley (2001) Community Pride not Prejudice: Making Diversity Work in Bradford (Bradford: Bradford Vision)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Parekh (1974) ‘Postscript’, in B. Parekh (ed.) Colour, Culture and Consciousness: Immigrant Intellectuals in Britain (London: George Allen and Unwin)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Piachaud (1999) ‘Wealth by Stealth’, Guardian, 1 September

    Google Scholar 

  • Police Training Council Working Party (1983) Community and Race Relations Training for the Police (London: Home Office)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Power and R. Tunstall (1997) Dangerous Disorder: Riots and Violent Disturbances in Thirteen Areas of Britain, 1991–92 (York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Rex and S. Tomlinson (1979) Colonial Immigrants in a British City (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Richards (1985) Report by Deputy Asst Commissioner Michael Richards to the Haringey Police/Community Consultative Group into events in October 1985, quoted Guardian 14 January 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Roberts (1997) ‘Is There an Emerging British “Underclass”?’ in R. MacDonald (ed.) Youth, the ‘Underclass’ and Social Exclusion (London: Routledge)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Rock (1981) ‘Rioting’, London Review of Books, 17–30 September, 19–20

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Rollo (1980) ‘The Special Patrol Group’, in P. Hain (ed.) Policing the Police, Volume 2 (London: John Calder)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Rowe (1998) The Racialisation of Disorder in Twentieth Century Britain (Aldershot: Ashgate)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Rude (1967) The Crowd in History (New York: Wiley)

    Google Scholar 

  • Runnymede Trust (1994) Multi-Ethnic Britain: Facts and Trends (London: Runnymede Trust)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Saggar (1997a) ‘Racial Politics’, Parliamentary Affairs, 50(4), October, 693–707

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Saggar (1997b) ‘The Dog That Didn’t Bite: Immigration, Race and the Election’, in A. Geddes and J. Tonge (eds) Labour’s Landslide: the British General Election 1997 (Manchester: Manchester University Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Saggar (2001) ‘The Race Card, Again’, Parliamentary Affairs, 54(4), October, 759–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Lord Scarman (1981) The Brixton Disorders, 10–12 April 1981, Report of an Inquiry by the Rt. Hon. Lord Scarman, OBE (London: HMSO)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Sewell (1983) ‘Contradictions that Freeze Black Leadership’, New Statesman, 18 October, 12–13

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Singh (2002) statement in Guardian, 18 March

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Skellington (1996) ‘Race’ in Britain Today (London: Sage, 2nd edition)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Smith (1973) Racial Disadvantage in Britain (London: Political and Economic Planning)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Smith (1992) ‘The Future of the Underclass’, in D. Smith (ed.) Understanding the Underclass (London: Bedford Square Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Smith and J. Gray (1983) Police and People in London (London: Policy Studies Institute)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Smith (1989) The Politics of Race and Residence (Cambridge: Polity Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Social Exclusion Unit (1998) Bringing Britain Together: a National Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal (London: TSO)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Solomos (1993) ‘Constructions of Black Criminality: Racialisation and Criminalisation in Perspective’, in D. Cook and B. Hudson (eds) Racism and Criminology (London: Sage)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Solomos and L. Back (1995) Race, Politics and Change (London: Routledge)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Southgate (1982) Police Probationer Training in Race Relations (London: Home Office, Research and Planning Unit paper 8)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Southgate (1984) Racism Awareness Training for the Police (London: Home Office, Research and Planning Unit paper 29)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Straw (2001) quoted Observer, 20 May

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Sutcliffe (2001) quoted in Guardian, 10 July

    Google Scholar 

  • E. P. Thompson (1968) The Making of the English Working Class (Harmondsworth: Penguin)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Tompson (1988) Under Seige: Racial Violence in Britain Today (Harmondsworth: Penguin)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Townsend (1990) ‘Underclass and Overclass: the Widening Gulf between the Social Classes in Britain in the 1980s’, in G. Payne and M. Cross (eds) Sociology in Action (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press – now Palgrave Macmillan)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Tuck (1989) Drinking and Disorder, a Study of Non-Metropolitan Violence (London: HMSO, Home Office Research Study 108)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Tuck and P. Southgate (1981) Ethnic Minorities, Crime and Policing (London: HMSO, Home Office Research Study Number 70)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Tumber (1982) Television and the Riots (London: British Film Institute)

    Google Scholar 

  • United Kingdom Anti-Drug Coordination Unit (2000) Tackling Drugs to Build a Better Britain – the Government’s 10-Year Strategy for Tackling Drug Misuse (London: TSO)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Vogler (1991) Reading the Riot Act: the Magistracy, the Police and the Army in Civil Disorders (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Waddington (1992) Contemporary Issues in Public Disorder: a Comparative and Historical Approach (London: Routledge)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • P. Waddington (1994) Liberty and Order: Public Order Policing in a Capital City (London: UCL Press)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Walker (1991) ‘The Strategy of Inequality: Poverty and Income Distribution in Britain 1979–89’, in I. Taylor (ed.) The Social Effects of Free Market Policies (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. West (1982) Delinquency, its Roots, Careers and Prospects (London: Heinemann)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. West and D. Farrington (1973) Who Becomes a Delinquent? (London: Heinemann)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Westergard (1992) ‘About and beyond the “Underclass”: Some Notes on Influences of Social Climate on Sociology Today’, Sociology, 26(4), 575–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. Willis (1983) The Use, Effectiveness and Impact of Police Stop and Search Powers (London: HMSO, Home Office Research and Planning Unit paper 15) P. Woolas (2001) ‘Beating the BNP’, Guardian, 15 June

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Young (2001) ‘Labour’s Law of Ethnic Punishment Shames Us All’, Observer, 8 May

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Young (1992) ‘Riotous Rage of the Have-Nots’, Independent on Sunday, 19 July

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

    Peter Joyce (Department of Sociology)

Authors
  1. Peter Joyce
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 2002 Peter Joyce

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Joyce, P. (2002). Urban and Non-Metropolitan Disorders. In: The Politics of Protest. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403990235_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation