Abstract
Three broad approaches define the second term of the Bush Administration’s effort to fight terrorism. First, and most prominent is to fight terrorism overseas before it reaches the shores of America. In the words of President Bush, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq are one part of a broader strategy “to break terror networks, to deny them refuge, and to find their leaders.”1
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Notes
The term, “connect the dots” was used extensively in analyses that detailed what went wrong, particularly in the intelligence community, leading up to 9/11. The focus was on the lack of communication and information sharing between agencies such as the CIA and the FBI related to the terrorists who planned and executed the attacks on September 11, 2001. See Gregory Treverton, “Intelligence Gathering, Analysis and Sharing,” in The Department of Homeland Security’s First Year: A Report Card, ed. Donald Kettl (New York: The Century Foundation, 2004 ).
Department of Homeland Security, National Response Plan, December 2004, p. 2.
Stephen Daggett, The US Intelligence Budget: A Basic Overview, CRS Report for Congress, September 24, 2004.
Summary of Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, December 6, 2004, p. 1; William Branigin, “Bush Nominates Negroponte to new Intel Post,” Washington Post, February 17, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A31826–2005Feb17.html.
Donald Kettl, System Under Stress: Homeland Security and American Politics ( Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2004 ).
Siobhan Gorman, “Homeland Security: Second Class Security,” National Journal, May 1, 2004.
Sharon L. Caudle and Randall Yim, “Homeland Security Results Management: Missions, Capabilities, and Oversight,” in The McGraw-Hill Handbook of Homeland Security, ed. David Kamien (forthcoming, 2005 ).
See E. Marla Felcher, “Aviation Security,” in The Department of Homeland Security’s First Year: A Report Card, ed. Donald Kettl (New York: The Century Foundation, 2004 ).
Felcher cites testimony of Robert Kupperman, who made the point about the “episodic” nature of terrorism and the difficulty of sustaining political focus at a 1989 Senate Hearing on responses to terrorism. Robert Kupperman, “Responses to Terrorism,” Hearing of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, Federal News Service, September 11, 1989.
Progressive Policy Institute, America at Risk: A Homeland Security Report Card, July 2003; Democratic Task Force on Homeland Security, Federal Homeland Security Assistance to America’s Hometowns: A Survey and Report from the Democratic Task Force on Homeland Security, October 29, 2003;
Donald F. Kettl (ed.), The Department of Homeland Security’s First Year: A Report Card, ( New York: The Century Foundation, 2004 ).
David Kamien, “Maritime Security: What Keeps Port Security Directors up at Night,” Homeland Security (January 2004), pp. 10–14.
For example, the 2nd Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals in New York reported a backlog of 4,000 cases appealing negative decisions by immigration officials for asylum. As the number of administrative decisions rejecting asylum requests have grown, so too have the number of appeals to the federal court system. Dan Eggen, “Immigration Backlog Forces Justice to Shift Staffing,” Washington Post, December 14, 2004, p. A11. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A62070–2004Dec13.html.
Michael Hillyard, Homeland Security and the Need for Change ( San Diego, CA: Aventine Press, 2003 );
Donald F. Kettl (ed). The department of Homeland Securit’s First Year, 2004.
General Accounting Office, Aviation Security: Screener Training and Performance Measurement Strengthened, but More Work Remains, GAO-05–457, May 2005.
General Accounting Office, Maritime Security: Substantial Work Remains to Translate New Planning Requirements into Effective Port Security, GAO-04–838, June 2004.
James Q. Wilson, Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why they Do It? ( New York: Basic Books, 1989 ).
Anne Khademian, “Strengthening State and Local Terrorism Prevention and Response,” in The Department of Homeland Security’s First Year A Report Card, ed. Donald Kettl (New York: The Century Foundation, 2004 ).
Office of the Press Secretary, FY 2004 Budget Fact Sheet Homeland Security, October 1, 2003;
GAO, Homeland Security: Management of First Responder Grants has Improved, But Challenges Remain, GAO-05–121, February 2005.
Mimi Hall, “Homeland Security Money Doesn’t Match Terror Threat: Does Zanesville, Ohio Need to Test for Nerve Agents while NY Struggles for Funds?” USA Today, October 29, 2003, http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2003–10–29–security–cover–usat_x.htm.
Eric Kelderman, “Panel Urges Anti-Terrorism Spending Guidelines,” Stateline.org, 2003.
Katherine McIntire Peters, “Covering the Waterfront,” Govexec.com, September 1, 2004.
The estimate is $795 million annually, adjusted for inflation. Greta Wodele, “Coast Guard Modernization Plan Veers off Course,” Govexec.Com, April 8, 2004.
Sharon L. Caudle and Randall Yim, “Homeland Security Results Management: Missions, Capabilities, and Oversight,” in The McGraw-Hill Handbook of Homeland Security, ed. David Kamien (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005 ).
Dave Siff, “Despite Top Rank, New York Keeps Preparing,” CNN.com, September 6, 2002, http://edition.cnn.com/2002/US/09/06/prepared.cities.newyork/
National Academy of Public Administration, Coping with Catastrophe: Building an Emergency Management System to Meet People’s Needs in Natural and Manmade Disasters ( Washington, DC: NAPA, 1993 );
Sandra Schneider, Flirting with Disaster: Public Management in Crisis Situations ( Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1995 ).
Walter Pincus, “FEMA’s Influence May be Cut Under New Department,” Washington Post, July 24, 2002, p. A17, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A53075, July 23, 2002.
U.S. Office of Homeland Security, National Strategy for Homeland Security (Washington, 2002), p. 42.
National Academy of Public Administration, Coping with Catastrophe, Sandra Schneider, Flirting with Disaster, 1995.
Ellen Alderman, “Homeland Security and Privacy: Striking a Delicate Balance,” Carnegie Reporter 2:1, Fall 2002.
Gregory Treverton, “Intelligence Gathering, Analysis, and Sharing.” In Donald E Ketil, The Department of Homeland Security’s First Year, 2004.
Terry Moe, “The Politicized Presidency,” New Directions in American Politics, ed. John Chubb and Paul Peterson ( Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1985 ).
Elizabeth Becker and Tim Weiner, “A Nation Challenged: Homeland Security. New Office to Become a White House Agency,” New York Times, September 28, 2001, Friday, Section B, Column 4, National Desk, p. 5.
Pete Williams, “Bush Nominates Judge to Head Homeland Security,” MSNBC, January 11, 2005, http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6812230
John Mintz, “Chertoff’s DHS has a Justice Department feel,” Washington Post, May 25, 2005, p. A25; http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/24/AR2005052401363.html.
Mike Allen and Jim VandeHei, “Homeland Security Nominee Kerik Pulls Out,” Washington Post, December 10, 2004, p. A01, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A56247–2004Dec10.html.
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© 2006 Robert Maranto, Douglas M. Brattebo, Tom Lansford
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Khademian, A.M. (2006). Homeland (In) Security. In: Maranto, R., Brattebo, D.M., Lansford, T. (eds) The Second Term of George W. Bush: Prospects and Perils. The Evolving American Presidency Series. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403984418_10
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