Abstract
This chapter examines Afro-Ecuadorians’ responses to racism, and the impact of their strategies on the democratization of society, Unlike in the United States, where African Americans have used their citizenship rights to resist discrimination (Feagin and Sikes, 1994), in Ecuador, as in most Latin American nations, citizenship is weak and common people use strategies based on paternalism and corporatism to negotiate access to resources from which they are excluded, Whereas paternalist relationships protect a group or a family from some of the major injustices, they do not allow actors to conceptualize domination in structural terms. Paternalist arrangements favor individual accommodation over the collective struggle for citizenship. Under corporatism the leaders of subaltern groups are incorporated into the state, becoming intermediaries who transfer resources to their constituencies, Corporatist processes of inclusion allow for the social mobility of the leadership of subaltern groups. However, they do not always result in the reduction of structural inequality between groups, Moreover, unlike the struggle for citizenship that is based on universalistic conceptualizations of rights, corporatist demands are particularistic and can easily be co-opted into a zero-sum struggle for limited state resources.
This research was funded by the Centro Andino de Acción Popular, Quito-Ecuador.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Centro Cultural Afroecuatoriano. 1997. Por un futuro digno y bonito. Videotape.
Chalá, Catherine. 2000. Agenda política de mujeres negras del Ecuador. Quito: Coordinadora Nacional de Mujeres Negras.
Chevigny, Paul. 1999. Defining the role of the police in Latin America. In The (Un) Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America, ed. Juán Méndez, Guillermo O’Donnell, and Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, 49–71. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Chiriboga Zambrano, Galo, and Vjekoslav, Dariic Mardešic. 1999. Plan operativo de los derechos humanos: Una propuesta participativa. Quito: ILDIS.
Clark, Kim. 1999. La medida de la diferencia: Las imágenes indigenistas de los indios serranos en el Ecuador (1920–1940). In Ecuador racista: Imágenes e identidades, ed. Emma Cervone and Fredhy Rivera. Quito: FLACSO.
Conaghan, Catherine. 1988. Restructuring Domination: Industrialists and the State in Ecuador. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Consejo de Palenques. 1999. Propuesta para la creación de una Comarca Territorial de Negros en la Provincia de Esmeraldas.
—. 2000. Derechos colectivos de los pueblos afroecuatorianos.
Dandier, Jorge. 1999. Indigenous peoples and the rule of law in Latin America: do they have a chance. In The (Un) Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America, ed. Dandier, Jorge, 116–152. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press,
Dzidzienyo, Anani. 1995. Conclusions. In No Longer Invisible: Afro-Latin Americans Today, ed. Minority Rights Group. London: Minority Rights Publications.
Feagin, Joe, and Melvin Sikes. 1994. Living with Racism: The Black Middle-Class Experience. Boston: Beacon Press.
Fernández-Rasines, Paloma. 2001. Afrodescendencia en el Ecuador: Raza y género desde los tiempos de la colonia. Quito: Abya-Yala.
Halpern, Adam, and France Winddance Twine. 2000. Antiracist activism in Ecuador: Black-Indian community alliances. Race and Class 42, no. 2 (October–December): 19–33.
Jackman, Mary 1994. The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender Class, and Race Relations. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Larrea, Carlos, et al. 1996. La geografia de la pobreza en el Ecuador. Quito: Secretaría Técnica del Frente Social.
León, Jorge. 1994. De campesinos a ciudadanos diferentes. Quito: CEDIME-Abya-Yala.
—. 1997. Entre la propuesta y el corporatismo. Íconos 2 (May–July):29–40.
Malloy, James, 1977. Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press.
Oboler, Suzanne. 1995. Ethnic Labels, Latino Lives: Identity and the Politics of Representation in the United States. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1999. Poliarchies and the (un)rule of law in Latin America: A partial conclusion. In The (Un) Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America, ed. Juan Méndez, Guillermo O’Donnell, and Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, 303–339. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Rahier, Jean Muteba. 1998. Blackness, the “racial” spatial order, migrations, and Miss Ecuador 1995–1996. American Anthropologist 100 (2):421–430.
Schubert, Grace. 1981. To be black is offensive: Racist attitudes in San Lorenzo. In Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador, ed. Norman Whitten, 563–585. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Scott, James. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Stepan, Alfred. 1978. The State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Stuztman, Ronald. 1974. Black Highlanders: Racism and ethnic stratification in the Ecuadorian Sierra. Ph.D. diss., Washington University.
Tilly, Charles. 1998. Durable Inequalities. Berkeley: University of California Press.
van Nieuwkoop, Martien, and Jorge Uquillas. 2000. Defining ethnodevelopment in operational terms: Lessons from the Ecuador Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadoran People’s Project. LCR Sustainable Development Working Paper 6. http://wbln0018.worldbank.org.
Wade, Peter. 1997. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. London: Pluto Press.
—. 1998. The cultural politics of blackness in Colombia. In Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean: Social Dynamics and Cultural Transformations, ed. Norman Whitten and Arlene Torres, 303–339. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Whitten, Norman. 1965. Class, Kinship, and Power in an Ecuadorian Town: The Negroes of San Lorenzo. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
—. 1974. Black Frontiersmen: Afro-Hispanic Culture of Ecuador and Colombia. New York: John Wiley
Whitten, Norman, and Diego, Quiroga. 1998. “To rescue national dignity”: Blackness as a quality of nationalist creativity in Ecuador. In Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean: Social Dynamics and Cultural Transformations, ed. Norman Whitten and Arlene Torres, 75–99. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Editor information
Copyright information
© 2005 Anani Dzidzienyo and Suzanne Oboler
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
de la Torre, C. (2005). Afro-Ecuadorian Responses to Racism: Between Citizenship and Corporatism. In: Dzidzienyo, A., Oboler, S. (eds) Neither Enemies nor Friends. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403982636_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403982636_3
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-52901-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4039-8263-6
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social & Cultural Studies CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)