Skip to main content

Flows and Counterflows: Latinas/os, Blackness, and Racialization in Hemispheric Perspective

  • Chapter

Abstract

Who are the Afro-Latin Americans?3 What historical contributions do they bring to their respective national polities? What is the nature of their identity? What happens to their identities as a result of migration to the United States? What do we know of the experience of the second and subsequent generations of Afro-Latin American immigrants categorized under the current social labels as “Afro-Latinas/os” in the United States? What is the impact of their growing presence within Latina/o populations, particularly with respect to the dynamics of race relations in the United States today? And, more generally, what are the possible goals, the prospects, and obstacles for coalition building between and among racial(ized) minorities and other groups in U.S. society today?

In a country of slaves, there are neither political enemies nor friends: there are some wise people who do business and an enormous mass that tuants nothing other than to obey. Moreover, there are whites, Blacks, and mulattos who must continue living together. And that, in the final analysis, is this country’s only difficulty.

—Baroness E. de Langsdorff, Brazil, 1842–18432

Many thanks to Elitza Bachvarova, Antonia Darder, Carlos de la Torre, Jorge Duany, and Silvio Torres-Saillant for their always helpful suggestions and incisive comments on this text. We also thank Ramona Alcalá for her research assistance in sections of this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • Andrews, George Reid. 2004. Afro-Latin America, 1800–2000. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckwith, Francis J., and Todd E. Jones. 1997. Affirmative Action: Social Justice or Reverse Discrimination? New York: Prometheus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Betancur, John J., and Todd E. Jones, eds. 1997. Affirmative Action: Social Justice or Reverse Discrimination? Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Betancur, John J., and Douglas C. Gills, eds. 2000. The Collaborative City: Opportunities and Struggles for Blacks and Latinos in U.S. Cities. New York and London: Garland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2003. Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brysk, Alison. 1994. Acting globally: Indian rights and international politics in Latin America. In Indigenous Peoples and Democracy in Latin America, ed. Donna Lee Van Cott. New York: St. Martin’s Press/Inter-American Dialogue.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callirgos, Juan Carlos. 1993. El racismo: La cuestión del otro (y de uno). Lima: Desco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casaús Arzú, Marta Elena. 1998. La metamorfosis del racismo en Guatemala. Guatemala: Cholsamaj.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chafe, William H. 1986. The end of one struggle, the beginning of another. In The Civil Rights Movement in America, ed. Charles W. Eagles, 127–148. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, George. 1994. Basta! Land and the Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas. Oregon: Institute for Food and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conniff, Michael L., and Thomas J. Davis. 1994. Africans in the Americas: A History of the Black Diaspora. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruz, José E. 1998. Identity and Power: Puerto Rican Politics and the Challenge of Ethnicity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curry, George, ed. 1997. The Affirmative Action Debates. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Da Matta, Roberto. Do you know who you’re talking to? In Carnivals, Rogues and Heroes: An Anthropology of the Brazilian Dilemma, 429–442. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darder, Antonia, and Rodolfo D. Torres. 2003. Mapping Latino studies: Critical reflections on class and social theory. Latino Studies 1 (2):303–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Alencar, José Almino. 2002, Joaquím Nabuco: O dever da política; radicalizmo e desencanto. Rio de Janeiro: Edições Casa de Rui Barbosa.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Carvalho Neto, Paulo. 1977. Folklore of the black struggle in Latin America. Latin American Perspectives 17, Spring.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Genova, Nicholas, and Ana Y. Ramos-Zayas. 2003. Latino Crossings: Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and the Politics of Race and Citizenship. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, eds. 1978. Latino racial formations in the United States. Special issue, Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 8(2): 53–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Degler, Carl N. 1971. Neither Black nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • de la Cadena, Marisol. 1998. Silent racism and intellectual superiority in Peru. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 143–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • de la Fuente, Alejandro. 2001. A Nation for All: Race, Inequality, and Politics in Twentieth-Century Cuba. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Langsdorff, E. 1999. Diário de Baronesa E. de Langsdorff relatando sua viagem ao Brasil por ocasião do casamento de S.A.R. o príncipe de Joinville: 1842–1843. Trans. Patrícia Chittoni Ramos and Marco Antonio Toledo Neder. Florianópolis, S.C.: EDUNISC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Díaz-Polanco, Héctor. 1999. Autonomía regional: La autoderminación de los pueblos indios. 3rd ed. Mexico City: Siglo XXI.

    Google Scholar 

  • dos Santos, José Rufino. 1996. O negro como lugar. In Raça, ciência e sociedade, ed. Marcos Chor Maio and Ricardo Ventura Santos, 219–224. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dzidzienyo, Anani. 1979. Activity and inactivity in the politics of Afro-Latin America. SECOLAS Annals 9 (March):48–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1995. Conclusion. In No Longer Invisible: Afro-Latin Americans Today, Minority Rights Group. London: Minority Rights Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2003. Coming to terms with the African connection in Latino studies. Latino Studies 1 (1):160–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elkins, Stanley. 1959. Slavery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • England, Saralı, and Mark Anderson. 1998. Authentic African culture in Honduras? Afro-Central Americans challenge Honduran mestizaje. Paper presented at the 21st LASA international Congress, Chicago, IL, September 24–27. http://afrolatino.org/Afrolatino2002/messages/1182.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes, Florestan. 1969. The Negro in Brazilian Society. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink, Leon. 2003. The Maya of Morganton: Work and Community in the Nuevo New South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, Jack. 1992. The Hispanic spin: Party politics and governmental manipulation of ethnic identity. Latin American Perspectives 75(19):4, 59–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, John Hope et al. 1998. One America in the 21st Century: Forging a New Future: The Advisory Board’s Report to the President. Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederickson, George M. 2002. Racism: A Short History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, Lawrence H. 1997. What we should Count and why. Society 34, no. 6 (September–October): 24–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1990. The reaction of Black Americans to immigration. In Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics, ed. Virginia Yans-McLaughlin, 293–314. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes, Carlos. 1996. Latinoamerica en la cumbre de Copenhague. http://www.personal.umich.edu/~bjuarez/carlosf1.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gall, Olivia. 1998. Los elementos histórico-estructurales del racismo en Chiapas. In Nación, racismo e identidad, ed. Alicia Castellanos Guerrero and Juán Manuel Sandoval, 143–191. Mexico: Editorial Nuestro Tiempo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, Richard, ed. 1990. The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940. Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greider, William. 1992. Who Will Tell the People. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, Stephanie. 1991. Area’s Black Hispanics torn between two cultures: Many feel pressure, tug of history Washington Post, October 8, A10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guimarães, Antonio Sérgio. 2001. The misadventures of non-racialism in Brazil. In Beyond Racism: Race and Inequality in Brazil South Africa, and the United States, ed. Charles V. Hamilton et al., 157–185. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2000. Racismo e anti-racismo no Brasil. São Paulo, Brazil: Editora 34 Ltda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hale, Charles R. 1996. Introduction to “mestizaje.” Special issue, Journal of Latin American Anthropology 1(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, Charles V. et al, eds. 2001. Beyond Racism: Race and Inequality in Brazil, South Africa, and the United States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanchard, Michael. 1999. Racial Politics in Contemporary Brazil. Durham and London: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Helg, Aline. 1995. Our Rightful Share: The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886–1912. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández, Tanya K. 2003. “Too black to be Latina/o”: Blackness and Blacks as foreigners in Latino studies. Latino Studies 1 (1) : 152–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, Steven A. 1998. Clinton panel on race urges variety of modest measures. New York Times, September 18, A1.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, Winston. 2001. The peculiarities of Afro-Hispanic radicalism in the United States: the political trajectories of Arturo Schomburg and Jesús Colón. In African Roots/American Cultures, ed. Sheila S. Walker, 195–231. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaynes, Gerald D., ed. 2000. Immigration and Race: New Challenges to American Democracy. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Ferla, Ruth. 2003. Generation E.A.—ethnically ambiguous. New York Times, sec. 9, December 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeDuff, Charlie. 2000. At a slaughterhouse, some things never die: Who kills, who cuts, who bosses can depend on race. New York Times, June 16, A1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsitz, George. 2003. Noises in the blood: Culture, conflict, and mixed-race identities. In Crossing Lines: Race and Mixed Race Across the Geohistorical Divide, ed. Marc Coronado, Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr., Jeffrey Moniz, and Laura Furlan Szanto, 19–44. Santa Barbara: Multiethnic Student Outreach/University of California at Santa Barbara.

    Google Scholar 

  • López, Ian F. Haney. 1996. White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race. New York and London: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallon, Florencia. 1996. Constructing mestizaje in Latin America: Authenticity, marginality, and gender in the claiming of ethnic identities. Journal of Latin American Anthropology 2 (1): 170–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marable, Manning. 1996. Staying on the path to racial equality. In The Affirmative Action Debates, ed. George Curry, 3–16. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Márquez, Roberto. 2000. Raza, racismo e historia: Are all of my bones from there? Latino Research Review 4 (3): 8–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marriot, Michel. 1996. Multiracial Americans ready to claim their own identity New York Times, July 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martínez, Elizabeth. 1998. It’s a terrorist war on immigrants, 1995-present. In De Colores Means All of Us: Latina Views for a Multi-Colored Century, ed. Elizabeth Martínez. Boston: South End Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClain, Paula. 1996. Coalition and competition: Patterns of Black-Latino relations in urban politics. In The Politics of Minority Coalition, ed. Wilbur C. Rich, 53–64. London and Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendez, Juán E., Guillermo A. O’Donnell, and Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, eds. 1999. The (Un) Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mindiola, Tatcho, Jr., Yolanda Flores-Niemann, and Néstor Rodríguez. 2002. Black-Brown Relations and Stereotypes. Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minority Rights Group. No Longer Invisible: Blacks in Latin America. 1995. London: Minority Rights Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, Michael. 1983. Race, legitimacy, and the state in Brazil. Paper presented at LASA International Congress, Mexico City, September 29–October 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montoya Rojas, Rodrigo. 1998. Multiculturalidad y política: Derechos indígenas, cuidadanos y humanos. Lima: Sur. Casa de Estudios del Socialismo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, Robin. 1997. Nationalizing Blackness: Afrocubanismo and Artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920–1940. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mörner, Magnus. 1967. Race Mixture in the History of Latin America, Boston: Little Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse, Richard. 1968. The heritage of Latin America. In The Founding of New Societies, ed. L. Hartz. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, Arthur D., Colleen Blanchard, and Jennifer A. Hill, eds. 2001. Latino Workers in the Contemporary South. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myrdal, Gunnar et al. 1969. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and American Democracy. New York: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oboler, Suzanne. 1995. Ethnic Labels, Latino Lives: Identity and the Politics of (Re) Presentation in the United States. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2000a. “It must be a fake”: Racial ideologies, identities, and the question of rights in the Americas. In Hispanics/Latinos in the United States: Ethnicity, Race, and Rights, ed. Jorge Gracia. New York and London: Routledge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2000b. Racializing Latinos in the United States: Toward a new research paradigm. In Identities on the Move: Transnational Processes in North America and the Caribbean Basin, ed. Liliana R. Goldin, 45–68. Albany and Austin: Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant. 1986. Racial Formations in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahier, Jean. 1999. Mami, ¿qué será lo que quiere el negro?: Representaciones racistas en la revista Vistazo, 1957–1991. In Ecuador racista: Imágenes e identidades, ed. Emma Cervone and Fredy Rivera, 73–110. Quito: Flacso-Ecuador.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, Joanne, ed. 1996. Ethnicity reconfigured: Indigenous legislators and the Colombian constitution of 1991. Special issue Journal of Latin American Anthropology 1 (2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera, Raquel Z. 2003. Nuyoricans from the Hip Hop Zone. New York: Palgrave Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez, Clara. 2000. Changing Race: Latinos, the Census, and the History of Ethnicity in the United States. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Root, Maria P. P., ed. 1996. The Multiracial Experience: Racial Borders as the New Frontier. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rout, Leslie. 1976. The African Experience in Spanish America, 1502 to the Present, New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, Vera, ed. (1957) 1970. Caribbean Studies: A Symposium. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safa, Helen. 1998. Race and national identity in the Americas. Special issue Latin American Perspectives 25 (3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, Stephen. 1996. Turning Back: The Retreat from, Racial Justice in American Thought and Policy. Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tannenbaum, Frank. (1946) 1993. Slave and Citizen: The Negro in the Americas. New York: Alfred Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, Piri. 1991 (1967). Down These Alean Streets. New York: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres, Andres. 1995. Between Melting Pot and Mosaic: African Americans and Puerto Ricans in the New York Economy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres, Arlene, and Norman Whitten, Jr., eds. 1998. Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean and Cultural Transformations. 2 vols. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Saillant, Silvio. 2003. Inventing the race: Latinos and the ethno-racial pentagon. Latino Studies 1 (1): 123–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaca, Nicolás C. 2004. The Presumed Alliance: The Unspoken Conflict between Latinos and Blacks and What It Means for America. HarperCollins/Rayo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Cott, Donna Lee. 1994. Indigenous peoples and democracy: Issues for policymakers. In Indigenous Peoples and Democracy in Latin America, ed. Donna Lee Van Cott. New York: St. Martin’s Press/Inter-American Dialogue.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, Peter. 1985. Race and class: The case of South American Blacks. Ethnic and Racial Studies 2 (8): 233–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1993. Blackness and Race Mixture: The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1997. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. London: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, Sheila S., ed. 2001. African Roots/American Cultures. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Eric. 1994. Capitalism and Slavery. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winant, Howard. 2002. The World Is a Ghetto. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1994. Racial Conditions: Politics, Theory, Comparisons. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, Lawrence. 1994. One drop of blood. New Yorker, July 25, 46–55.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Anani Dzidzienyo Suzanne Oboler

Copyright information

© 2005 Anani Dzidzienyo and Suzanne Oboler

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Oboler, S., Dzidzienyo, A. (2005). Flows and Counterflows: Latinas/os, Blackness, and Racialization in Hemispheric Perspective. In: Dzidzienyo, A., Oboler, S. (eds) Neither Enemies nor Friends. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403982636_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics