Abstract
Tocqueville asserted that democracy could not sustain liberty and flourish without political associations. Political associations served as “great free schools to which all citizens come to be taught the general theory of association.” Since political parties were not highly structured in his day,Tocqueville often used political parties and political associations interchangeably.
The press is, par excellence, the democratic weapon of freedom.1
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Chapter Six Political Associations, Parties, and the Press
For Senegalese clan politics and patron—client relationships, see Robert Fatton, Jr., “Clientelism and Patronage in Senegal,” African Studies Review, Vol. 29, No. 4 (December 1986), pp. 61–78 and
William J. Foltz, “Social Structure and Political Behavior of Senegalese Elites,” in Steffen W. Schmidt, James C. Scott, Carl Landé, and Laura Guasti (eds.), Friends, Followers and Factions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), pp. 242–250.
For a review of the history of the political press in Senegal after independence, see Moussa Paye, “La Presse et le Pouvoir,” in Momar Coumba Diop (ed.), Sénégal: Trajectoires d’un État (Paris: Karthala, 1992), pp. 331–337.
For the organization and platforms of Senegal’s fifteen political parties in 1983, see Jacques Mariel Nzouankeu, Les Partis Politiques Sénégalais (Dakar: Editions Clairafrique, 1984).
Opposition demands for electoral reform increased sharply after the 1988 elections. See Crawford Young and Babacar Kanté, “Governance, Democracy, and the 1988 Senegalese Elections,” in Goren Hyden and Michael Bratton (eds.), Government and Politics in4frica (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992) p. 65. For the provisions of the 1991 electoral code, see L’Unité, No. 195 (September 1991), p. 4.
For the political dynamics underlying the entry of opposition parties into the government coalition, see Linda Beck, “Patrimonial Democrats: Incremental Reforms and the Obstacles to Consolidating Democracy in Senegal,” Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 31, No. 1 (1997), pp. 1–31.
Sheldon Gellar, “Pluralisme ou jacobinisme: quelle démocratie pour le Sénégal,” in Momar-Coumba Diop (ed.), Le Sénégal Contemporain (Paris: Editions Karthala, 2002), pp. 523–525.
For a detailed analysis of these associations, see Momar-Coumba Diop and Mamadou Diouf, Le Sénégal sous Abdou Diouf: État et Société (Paris: Karthala, 1990), pp. 115–148.
Tocqueville, Recollections (Garden City: Doubleday & Company, 1970), pp. 32–33.
Abdou Latif Coulibaly, Wade, un opposant au pouvoir: L’alternance piégée? (Dakar: Les Éditions Sentinneles, 2003).
For more on this theme, see Sidy Lamine Niasse, Un arabisant entre presse et pouvoir (Dakar: Editions Groupe Wal Fadjri, 2003), pp. 78–82.
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© 2005 Sheldon Gellar
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Gellar, S. (2005). Political Associations, Parties, and the Press. In: Democracy in Senegal. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403982162_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403982162_6
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