Abstract
Can a self-sustaining and lasting peace be constructed in societies torn asunder by war or gross violations of human rights? This question has been one of the most pressing issues facing the United Nations (UN) since the end of the Cold War. During that time, the UN became engaged in efforts to terminate intrastate conflicts in Cambodia, Somalia, Angola, Haiti, and the former Yugoslavia, among many others. However, while traditional UN peace-keeping missions were designed to keep the peace between states, the management of intrastate conflict required keeping the peace within states. As a result, the UN began to develop a new generation of peace support activities and tasks designed to respond to the challenges of intrastate conflict: consolidating civil order and establishing the political and socioeconomic conditions for sustainable peace. In effect, the UN became engaged in building peace in war-torn societies. And so, by the year 2000 UN peace operations formally involved three principal activities: conflict prevention and peacemaking; peace-keeping; and peace-building.1 The UN, an institution devised to remove the scourge of war between states, had evolved into a primary instrument of building peace within states.
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Notes
United Nations. Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations. A/55/305-S/2000/809 (August 21, 2000): 2.
John Gerard Ruggie, “The UN: Wandering in the Void,” Foreign Affairs 72 (November/December 1993): 26–31.
See also Giandomenico Picco, “The UN and the Use of Force: Leave the Secretary General out of It,” Foreign Affairs 73 (September/October 1994): 14
Saadia Touval, “Why the UN Fails,” Foreign Affairs 73 (September /October 1994): 45.
For a recent assessment see Dennis C. Jett, Why Peacekeeping Fails ( New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000 ).
Johan Galtung, “Three Approaches to Peace: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking, and Peacebuilding,” in Peace, War, and Defence-Essays in Peace Research Vol. 2 ( Copenhagen: Christian Ejlers, 1975 ): 282–304.
Boutros Boutros-Ghali, “Supplement to An Agenda for Peace” An Agenda for Peace, 2nd Ed. (New York, United Nations, 1995). A/50/60-S/ 1995/1.
Roland Paris, “Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism,” International Security 22(2) (Fall 1997): 56.
See Louise Olson, “Mainstreaming Gender in Multidimensional Peacekeeping: A Field Perspective,” International Peacekeeping 7(3) (Autumn 2000): 1–16;
Richard Strickland and Nata Duvvury, Gender Equity and Peacebuilding: From Rhetoric to Reality: Finding the Way ( Washington, D.C.: International Center for Research on Women, 2003 ).
See Alejandro Bandana, “What Kind of Peace is Being Built? Critical Assessments from the South,” in What Kind of Peace is Being Built? Reflections on the State of Peacebuilding Ten Years after The Agenda For Peace Working Paper No. 7, The Peacebuilding and Reconstruction Program Initiative ( Ottawa: International Development Research Center, 2003 ): 5.
Stephen John Steadman, “Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes,” International Security 22(2) (Fall 1997): 5–53.
Jarat Chopra, “Introducing Peace Maintenance,” in The Politics of Peace Maintenance, Ed. Jarat Chopra (Boulder, Col: Lynne Rienner 1998 ), 14.
See Elizabeth M. Cousens and Charles K. Cater, Toward Peace in Bosnia: Implementing the Dayton Accords International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2001 ), 133.
Chester A. Crocker, “The Varieties of Intervention: Conditions for Success,” in Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict eds. Chester A. Crocker and Fen Osler Hampson with Pamela Aall (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996 ), 297–319.
Stephen John Stedman, Donald Rothchild, and Elizabeth Cousens, eds., Ending Civil Wars: The Success and Failure of Negotiated Settlements in Civil War ( Landham, MD.: Lynne Rienner publishers, 2002 ).
Michael Doyle and Nicholas Sambanis, “International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis,” American Political Science Review 94 (2000): 779.
Fen Osler Hampson, Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed or Fail ( Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 1996 ).
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© 2004 Richard M. Price and Mark W. Zacher, eds.
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Sens, A.G. (2004). From Peace-Keeping to Peace-Building: The United Nations and the Challenge of Intrastate War. In: Price, R.M., Zacher, M.W. (eds) The United Nations and Global Security. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403980908_9
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