Abstract
Most of this book’s discussion of the FAR’s connections with the outside world has, naturally enough, centered on the long linkages with the Soviet Union and now Russia, with the Warsaw Pact in its time, with some also given to the important but very limited links currently in place with the armed forces of the United States. Worthy of some attention, however, given likely trends in the future, are the relations between the FAR and other countries that are not of a communist hue and that are less likely to produce much in the way of an international connection for the country. And something more must be said about the Chinese and Vietnamese connections in order to paint a clearer picture than has been possible so far.
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Notes
Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring, Los Monumentos nacionales de la República de Cuba, quoted in Jean-Guy Allard and Carlos Sariol, “D’Iberville à La Havane,” Quebec City, private printing, 1992, pp. 5–8.
James C. M. Ogelsby, Gringos from the Far North: Essays in the History of Canadian-Latin American Relations, 1866–1968, Toronto, Macmillan, 1976, pp. 10–14.
Brian Stevenson, Canada, Latin America and the New Internationalism: A Foreign Policy Analysis, 1968–1990, Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2000, pp. 97–98.
See Christopher Armstrong and H. V. Nelles, Southern Exposure: Canadian Promoters in Latin America and the Caribbean 1896–1930, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1988, pp. 24, 36–39.
James Rochlin, Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy towards Latin America, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press, 1994, pp. 51–53.
Kirk and McKenna, Canada-Cuba Relations: The Other Good Neighbor Policy, Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 1997, pp. 42–49.
John Kirk et al., “Retorno a los negocios: cincuenta años de relaciones entre Canadá y Cuba,” Cuadernos de Nuestra America, XII, 24, July–December 1995, pp. 142–159, especially pp. 148–150.
Sahadeo Basdeo and Ian Hesketh, “Canada, Cuba and Constructive Engagement: Political Dissidents and Human Rights,” in Sahadeo Basdeo and Heather N. Nicol (Eds.), Canada, the United States and Cuba: An Evolving Relationship, Miami, North-South Center Press, 2002, pp. 27–51, especially pp. 29–31.
See Canada’s experience here in Victor Malarek, Merchants of Misery: Inside Canada’s Illegal Drug Scene, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1990.
The collapse of Spanish military influence is discussed indirectly throughout Frederick Nunn, Yesterday’s Soldiers: European Professionalism in South America 1890–1940, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1985.
see also Nunn’s “An Overview of European Military Missions in Latin America,” in Brian Loveman and Thomas Davies (Eds.), The Politics of Anti-Politics: The Military in Latin America, Wilmington, DE, Scholarly Resource Books, 1997, pp. 32–40.
and Hal Klepak, Military Aspects of French Policy in Spanish America, 1871–1914, unpublished PhD thesis, London, University of London, 1985.
See the chapters on immigration and settlement in Eduardo Torres-Cuevas et al., Cuba-España: Poblamiento y nacionalidad, Havana, Ciencias Sociales, 1993.
Cruz, El mayor, pp. 109–111, 158. A collection of Agramonte’s writings on political and military matters is in Fernando Crespo Baró (Ed.), Ignacio Agramonte: la unión estrecha de todos los cubanos, Camagüey, Editorial Acana, 1993, pp. 47–71.
Some elements of this are discussed in Emilio Álvarez Montalván, Las Fuerzas armadas en Nicaragua, Managua, Arellano, 1994, pp. 74–77.
and Alejandro Bendaña, “Hacia un Nuevo modelo de seguridad en Nicaragua,” in Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera and Francisco Rojas Aravena (Eds.), De la Guerra a la integración: la transición y la seguridad en Centroamérica, Santiago, FLACSO, 1994, pp. 165–180.
For probably the best political biography of the Venezuelan president, see Richard Gott, In the Shadow of the Liberator, London, Verso, 2002.
See the chapters on Venezuela and its neighbors in Francisco Rojas Aravena (Ed.), Gasto militar en América Latina: procesos de decisiones y actores claves, Santiago, FLACSO, 1994.
Raûl Benítez Manaut, “Seguridad y relaciones cívico-militares en México y América Central: escenarios a inicios del siglo XXI,” in Athanasios Hristoulas (Ed.), Las Relaciones cívico-militares en el neuvo orden internacional, Mexico, Porrûa, 2002, pp. 187–224, especially pp. 200–204.
For this see Georgina Sánchez, “Three to tango: los futuros de la relación México-Cuba,” in María Cristina Rosas (Ed.), Otra vez Cubachrw… desencuentros y política exterior, Mexico, Editorial Quimera, 2002, pp. 34–54, especially pp. 45–46.
See the background to this in Alfredo Rangel, Colombia: guerra en el fin del siglo, Bogotá, Universidad de Los Andes/Tercer Mundo, 1999.
The FARC appears to have consistently paid little attention to Havana’s preferences and advice where conduct of the insurgency has been concerned. See James Rochlin, Vanguard Revolutionaries in Latin America: Peru, Colombia, Mexico, Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 2003, pp. 98–102.
Important for an understanding of the evolution of this situation is Malcolm Deas and María Victoria Llorente (Eds.), Reconocer la guerra para construir la paz, Bogotá, Universidad de Los Andes/ Norma, 1999.
and Francisco Leal (Ed.), Los Laberintos de la guerra: utopías e incertidumbres sobre la paz, Bogotá, Universidad de Los Andes/Tercer Mundo, 1999.
See Apolinar Díaz-Callejas and Roberto González Arana, Colombia y Cuba, Bogotá, Ediciones Uninorte, 1998.
and Carlos Medina Gallegos, ELN: una historia contada a dos voces, Bogotâ, Rodríguez Quitos Editores, 1996.
See Alicia Frohmann, Puentes sobre la turbulencia: la concertación política, Santiago, FLACSO, 1990.
John M. Kirk, Canada–Cuba Relations: The Other Good Neighbor Policy, Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 1997, pp. 133–135.
James Mulvennon, Soldiers of Fortune: The Rise and Fall of the Chinese Military-Business Complex, 1978–1988, Armonk, NY Sharpe, 2001.
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© 2005 Hal Klepak
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Klepak, H. (2005). Cuba, the FAR, and Other Countries: Has the Search for Friends Brought Results?. In: Cuba’s Military 1990–2005. Studies of the Americas. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403980601_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403980601_7
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