Abstract
In recent years the literature in world history has continued to grow and thrive. There is no shortage of exciting new contributions. World historians, in addition to publishing increasingly confident studies of global historical themes and patterns, have come to identify themselves as a group, and to establish institutions providing more solid support for teaching and research in their field. A more compelling indication of the changes came with decisions by academic and educational leaders in the United States—if not yet in other countries—to give formal recognition to the field of world history by choosing to require its instruction in many institutions at secondary and college levels.
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Notes
National Council for History Education, Building a World History Curriculum: Guides for Implementing the History Curriculum Recommended by the Bradley Commission on History in the Schools (1988);
National Council for Social Studies, Expectations of Excellence: Curriculum Standards for Social Studies (1994);
Charlotte Crabtree, Lessons from History (Los Angeles, 1989). The principal author of the Bradley Commission report was Paul Gagnon.
Lawrence Beaber and Despina Danos of the Educational Testing Service, an affiliate of the College Board, oversaw development of the plan along with a committee of teachers and professors chaired by Peter Stearns, editor of the Journal of Social History. The College Board had considered creating such a course for years but delayed repeatedly, then gave its approval in 1999; when the course was first given, over 20,000 students took the exam in May 2002. I served as a member of the AP World History Development Committee from 1999 to 2002. For a cogent statement of a practical educational philosophy that was influential in structuring the AP World History course, see Peter N. Stearns, Meaning over Memory: Recasting the Teaching of Culture and History (Chapel Hill, 1993).
WHA Book Prize awardees: for 1999, Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley, 1998);
for 2000, James E. McClellanIII and Harold Dorn, Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction (Baltimore, 1999);
for 2001, awards both to J. McNeill, 2000 and Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, 2000).
Lynda N. Shaffer, Mao and the Workers: The Hunan Labor Movement, 1920–1923 (New York, 1982);
Shaffer, Native Americans before 1492: The Moundbuilding Centers of the Eastern Woodlands (Armonk, N.Y., 1992);
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John E. Wills, Jr., 1688: A Global History (New York, 2001).
S. A. M. Adshead, Central Asia in World History (New York, 1993);
Adshead, Material Culture in Europe and China, 1400–1800 (New York, 1997);
Stanley Burstein, Graeco-Africana: Studies in the History of Greek Relations with Egypt and Nubia (New Rochelle, 1995);
Burstein, ed., Ancient African Civilizations: Kush and Axum (Princeton, 1998);
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Peter Perdue, Exhausting the Earth: State and Peasant in Hunan, 1500–1850 (Cambridge, Mass., 1987).
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James Z. Lee and Wang Feng, One Quarter of Humanity: Malthusian Mythology and Chinese Realities, 1700–2000 (Cambridge, Mass., 1999); AA Flynn and Giráldez 1995;
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Robert Marks, Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China (Cambridge, 1998);
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K. N. Chaudhuri, Asia Before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge, 1990);
Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Political Economy of Commerce. Southern India 1500–1650 (Cambridge, 1990);
R. J. Barendse, The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century (Armonk, N.Y., 2002);
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Patricia Risso, Merchants and Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean (Boulder, 1995);
Richard Foltz, Mughal India and Central Asia (Karachi, 1998);
Prasannan Parthasarathi, The Transition to a Colonial Economy: Weavers, Merchants and Kings in South India, 1720–1800 (New York, 2001); Parthasarathi 1988;
Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: the “Manly” Englishman and “Effeminate” Bengali in Nineteenth Century India (New York, 1995);
Christopher A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780–1830 (London, 1989);
Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1988);
Bayly, Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge, 1996);
Ranajit Guha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, eds., Selected Subaltern Studies (New York, 1988);
Ranajit Guha, Dominance without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India (Cambridge, Mass., 1998);
Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe (Princeton, 2000).
For times before the Common Era, see Victor Mair, ed., The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1998);
and Julian Baldick, Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia (New York, 2000).
For surveys into the second millennium C.E., see David Christian, Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire, vol. 1 of A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia (Oxford, 1998);
Richard N. Frye, The Heritage of Central Asia: From Antiquity to the Turkish Expansion (Princeton, 1996);
and M. S. Asimov and C. E. Bosworth, eds., History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV, The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century. Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting (Paris, 1998).
On trade, religion, and migration before 1200 C.E., see Xinru Liu, Ancient India and Ancient China: Trade and Religious Exchanges, AD 1–600 (Oxford, 1995);
Liu, “Silks and Religions in Eurasia, c. A.D. 600–1200,” Journal of World History 6 (1995), 25–48;
Liu, “Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies,” Journal of World History 12 (2001), 261–292;
and Richard C. Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century (New York, 1999).
On Tibetan empire, see Christopher I. Beckwith, The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages (Princeton, 1987).
For research on more recent times, see Steven G. Marks, Road to Power: The Trans-Siberian Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia, 1850–1917 (Ithaca, 1991);
Jonathan Lipman, Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China (Seattle, 1997);
Gorm Pederson and Ida Nicolaisen. Afghan Nomads in Transition: A Century of Change Among the Zala Khan Khel (New York, 1995);
Korkut A. Erturk, ed., Rethinking Central Asia: Non-Eurocentric Studies in History, Social Structure and Identity (Ithaca, 1999);
Feride Acar and Ayse Gunes-Ayata, eds., Gender and Identity Construction: Women of Central Asia, the Caucasus and Turkey (Leiden, 2000).
For the best general survey, see Adshead 1993. The widely respected works of Joseph Fletcher have now been published together in Joseph Fletcher (ed. Beatrice Forbes Manz), Studies on Chinese and Islamic Inner Asia (Aldershot, U.K., 1995).
See also Andre Gunder Frank, The Centrality of Central Asia (Amsterdam, 1992).
Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680, 2 vols. (New Haven, 1988–1993);
Anthony Reid, ed., Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief (New York, 1993); Shaffer 1996.
John Voll, “Islam as a Special World-system,” Journal of World History 5 (1994), 213–226;
Richard Eaton, Essays on Islam and Indian History (New Delhi, 2000);
Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 (Berkeley, 1993);
Eaton, “Islamic History as Global History” (Washington, 1990).
For a regional study of religion with global implications, see Mary Boyce, Zoroastrianism: Its Antiquity and Constant Vigour (Costa Mesa, CA, 1992).
John R. McNeill, “Of Rats and Men: A Synoptic Environmental History of the Island Pacific,” Journal of World History 5 (1994), 299–350;
Gananath Obeyesekere, The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific (Princeton, 1992);
David Chappell, Double Ghosts: Oceanian Voyagers on Euroamerican Ships (Armonk, N.Y., 1997);
Eric Jones, Lionel Frost, and Colin White, Coming Full Circle: An Economic History of the Pacific Rim (Boulder, 1993);
Arif Dirlik, ed., What is a Rim? Critical Perspectives on the Pacific Region Idea (Boulder, 1993).
Christopher Ehret, An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History 1000 B.C. to 400 A.D. (Charlottesville, 1998);
see also Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, African Languages: An Introduction (Cambridge, 2000).
George Brooks, Landlords and Strangers: Ecology Society and Trade in Western Africa, 1000–1630 (Boulder, 1993);
James McCann, Green Land, Brown Land, Black Land: An Environmental History of Africa, 1800–1990 (Portsmouth, N.H., 1999).
Donald R. Wright, The World and a Very Small Place in Africa (Armonk, N.Y., 1997);
Paul E. Lovejoy and Jan S. Hogendorn, Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936 (Cambridge, 1993);
Frederick Cooper, Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa (Cambridge, 1996);
Iris Berger and E. Frances White, Women in Africa: Restoring Women to History (Bloomington, 1999).
On the African diaspora, see Judith Carney, Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas (Cambridge, 2001).
Ida Altman, Transatlantic Ties in the Spanish Empire: Brihuega, Spain and Puebla, Mexico, 1560–1620 (Stanford, 2000); Cañizares-Esguerra 2001;
Cañizares-Esguerra, “New World, New Stars: Patriotic Astrology and the Invention of Indian and Creole Bodies in Colonial Spanish America, 1600–1650,” American Historical Review 104 (1999), 33–68;
Luiz Felipe de Alencastro, O Trato dos viventes: formação do Brasil no Atlántico sul (São Paulo, 2000);
Jeremy Adelman, Republic of Capital: Buenos Aires and the Legal Transformation of the Atlantic World (Stanford, 1999);
Patricia Seed, American Pentimento: The Invention of Indians and the Pursuit of Riches (Minneapolis, 2001);
A. J. R. Russell-Wood, A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415–1808 (New York, 1993); Cooper et al. 1993.
Robert Strayer, Why did the Soviet Union Collapse? Understanding Historical Change (Armonk, N.Y., 1998);
Andre Znamenski, Shamanism and Christianity—Native Encounters with Russian Orthodox Missions, 1820–1917 (Westport, Conn., 1999);
Daniel R. Brower and Edward J. Lazzerini, eds., Russia’s Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700–1917 (Bloomington, Ind., 1997).
A. J. R. Russell-Wood, general editor, An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450–1800, 31 vols. (Aldershot, U.K., 1995–2000). The introductions to these volumes, with a few exceptions, provide excellent historiographical reviews.
Jerry H. Bentley, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York, 1993).
For a later statement of the resultant periodization of world history, see Bentley, “Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History,” American Historical Review 101 (1996), 749–70.
Andre Gunder Frank and Barry K. Gills, eds., The World-system: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? (London, 1993); Sanderson 1995.
Jack A. Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World (Berkeley, 1991); Wong 1997); Abernethy 2000; Seed 2001;
Lauren Benton, Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History 1400–1900 (New York, 2002);
Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France, c. 1500–c. 1800 (New Haven, 1995);
David Armitage, The Ideological Origins of the British Empire (Cambridge, 2000);
Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, eds., Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley, 1997);
Noam Chomsky, World Orders Old and New (New York, 1994);
Barry Buzan, People, States, and Fear (New York, 1991);
Akira Iriye, Cultural Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997).
Alan K. Smith returned to the issue most scrutinized in recent studies of world history, the creation of the modern world community, with a revised paradigm and new detail. In Creating a World Economy, he utilized a paradigm modified slightly from that of Wallerstein: he chose to distinguish peripheral regions of the world economy from dependencies of the European powers. Perhaps more important than the paradigmatic distinction was an empirical distinction: in the balance of European and overseas dimensions of the tale, Smith went further than Wallerstein in emphasizing events in overseas areas, and the particular characteristics of European colonies. Alan K. Smith, Creating a World Economy: Merchant Capital, Colonialism, and World Trade, 1400–1825 (Boulder, 1991).
James D. Tracy, ed., The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750 (Cambridge, 1990);
Tracy, ed., The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750 (Cambridge, 1991);
Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times (London, 1994);
S. A. M. Adshead, Salt and Civilization (New York, 1992);
Mark Kurlansky, Salt: A World History (New York, 2002);
Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York, 1985);
Peter Stearns, The Industrial Revolution in World History (Boulder, 1993);
Michael N. Pearson, Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era (Baltimore, 1998);
Gary Geriffi and Miguel Korzeniewicz, eds., Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism (Westport, Conn., 1994).
Adam McKeown, Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, Hawaii, 1900–1936 (Chicago, 2001);
Walter Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1870–1914 (Bloomington, Ind., 1992);
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson, eds., Migration and the International Labor Market 1850–1939 (London, 1994);
Patrick Manning et al., Migration in Modern World History, 1500–2000 (Belmont, CA, 2000); Manning 1990;
Robin Cohen, Global Diasporas: An Introduction (Seattle, 1997);
Wang Gungwu, ed., Global History and Migrations (Boulder, 1997);
David Northrup, Indentured Labor in the Age of Imperialism, 1831–1922 (New York, 1995);
David Eltis, Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and Herbert S. Klein, The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: A Database on CD-ROM (New York, 1999).
Wally Seccombe, A Millennium of Family Change: Feudalism to Capitalism in Northwestern Europe (London, 1992);
Seccombe, Weathering the Storm: Working-Class Families from the Industrial Revolution to the Fertility Decline (London, 1993);
Frances Karttunen, Between Worlds: Interpreters, Guides, and Survivors (New Brunswick, N.J., 1994);
R. Stephen Warner and Judith G. Wittner, Gatherings in Diaspora: Religious Communities and the New Immigration (Philadelphia, 1998);
Karen Louise Jolly, ed., Tradition and Diversity: Christianity in a World Context to 1500 (Armonk, N.Y., 1997).
Peter Partner, God of Battles: Holy Wars of Christianity and Islam (Princeton, 1998).
Linda Grant De Pauw, Battle Cries and Lullabies: Women in War from Prehistory to the Present (Norman, 1998);
Nupur Chaudhuri and Margaret Strobel, eds., Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance (Bloomington, Ind., 1992);
Julia Clancy-Smith and Frances Gouda, eds., Domesticating the Empire: Race, Gender, and Family Life in French and Dutch Colonialism (Charlottesville, 1998);
Lata Mani, Contentious Traditions: The Debate on Sati in Colonial India (Berkeley, 1998);
Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, 1990).
Adam Kuper, The Invention of Primitive Society: Transformations of an Illusion (London, 1988);
Kuper, The Chosen Primate: Human Nature and Cultural Diversity (Cambridge, Mass., 1994);
Robert H. Bates, V. Y. Mudimbe, and Jean O’Barr, eds., Africa and the Disciplines: The Contributions of Research in Africa to the Social Sciences and Humanities (Chicago, 1993).
Anthony King, ed., Culture, Globalization and the World-System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity (Minneapolis, 1991);
John Mackenzie, ed., Imperialism and Popular Culture (Manchester, 1992);
Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis, 1996);
Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993);
Richard Drayton, Nature’s Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the “Improvement” of the World (New Haven, 2000);
Jean and John Comaroff, eds., Modernity and Its Malcontents: Ritual and Power in Postcolonial Africa (Chicago, 1993);
John and Jean Comaroff, Ethnography and the Historical Imagination (Boulder, 1992);
William H. McNeill, Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History (Cambridge, Mass., 1995). Cultural studies at the global level have focused particularly on intellectual culture, though studies have begun appearing on cultural encounters: see chapter 13 for discussion of this work.
J. P. Mallory and Victor Mair, The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West (London, 2000); Mallory 1989; Renfrew 1988;
Joseph H. Greenberg, Language in the Americas (Stanford, 1987).
Headrick, The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International Politics, 1851–1945 (New York, 1991);
Headrick, When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700–1850 (New York, 2000);
Joel Mokyr, ed., The Economics of the Industrial Revolution (Totowa, N.J., 1985);
Mokyr, The Lever of Riches, Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (New York, 1990).
Daniel E. Vasey, An Ecological History of Agriculture, 10,000 B.C.-A.D. 10,000 (Ames, 1992);
Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World (Oxford, 1993);
Kenneth Kiple and Krlemhild Conee Ornelas, eds., The Cambridge World History of Food (Cambridge, 2000);
Larry Zuckerman, The Potato: How the Humble Spud Rescued the Western World (Boston, 1998).
Arnold Pacey, Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History (Cambridge, Mass., 1990);
James Burke and Robert Ornstein, The Axemaker’s Gift: A Double-Edged History of Human Culture (New York, 1995);
Joel Mokyr, Twenty-five Centuries of Technological Change: An Historical Survey (New York, 1990).
Philip D. Curtin, “The Environment beyond Europe and the European Theory of Empire,” journal of World History 1 (1990), 131–150;
Alfred W. Crosby, “Infectuous Disease and the Demography of the Atlantic Peoples,” Journal of World History 2 (1991), 119–134.
Clive Ponting, A Green History of the World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations (New York, 1991);
Brian M. Fagan, Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Niño and the Fate of Civilizations (New York, 2000);
Aan G. Simmons and Ian G. Simmons, Changing the Face of the Earth: Culture, Environment, History (Oxford, 1996);
Sheldon Watts, Epidemics and History: Disease, Power and Imperialism (New Haven, 1999);
James O’Connor, Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism (New York, 1998); J. R. McNeill 2000;
John R. McNeill, ed., Environmental History in the Pacific (Aldershot, U.K., 2001);
John R. McNeill, The Mountains of the Mediterranean World: An Environmental History (Cambridge, 1992);
John R. McNeill, Atlantic Empires of France and Spain: Louisbourg and Havana, 1700–1763 (Chapel Hill, 1985).
Sinha 1995; Roxann Prazniak, Dialogues across Civilizations: Sketches in World History (Boulder, 1996);
Sally Hovey Wriggins, Xuanzang: A Buddhist Pilgrim on the Silk Road (Boulder, 1996);
Dauril Alden, The Making of an Enterprise—The Jesuits in Portugal, its Empire and Beyond, 1540–1750 (Stanford, 1996);
O. R. Dathorne, Asian Voyages: Two Thousand Years of Constructing the Other (Westport, Conn., 1996); Morris-Suzuki 1998.
Bentley 1996; Patrick Manning, “The Problem of Interactions in World History,” American Historical Review 101 (1996), 771–82;
William A. Green, “Periodization in European and World History,” Journal of World History 3 (1992), 13–54; Segal 2000;
Gale Stokes, “The Fates of Human Societies: A Review of Recent Macrohistories,” American Historical Review 106 (2001), 508–25; Michael Adas, “From Settler Colony to Global Hegemon: Integrating the Exceptionalist Narrative of the American Experience into World History,” ibid., 1692–1720. World history, as presented in the American Historical Review, reflects the gradual transition from a focus on synthesis and teaching to an expanded attention to research.
Martin W Lewis and Karen E. Wigen, The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography (Berkeley, 1997); Philip Pomper, Richard H. Elphick, and Richard T. Vann, eds., “World Historians and Their Critics,” theme issue 34, History & Theory (1995);
Bruce Mazlish, “Comparing Global to World History,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28 (1998), 385–95.
Arrighi 1994; Torbjorn Knutsen, The Rise and Fall of World Orders (Manchester, 1999); Hodgson 1993;
Roland Robertson, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture (London, 1992).
David Gress, From Plato to NATO: The Idea of the West and its Opponents (New York, 1998); Blaut 1993; Costello 1993;
Maghan Keita, Race and the Writing of History: Riddling the Sphinx (New York, 2000).
David Christian, “The Case for ‘Big History’,” Journal of World History 2 (1991), 223–38;
Fred Spier, The Structure of Big History: From the Big Bang until Today (Amsterdam, 1996);
Johan Goudsblom, Eric Jones, and Stephen Mennell, eds., The Course of Human History: Economic Growth, Social Process, and Civilization (Armonk, N.Y., 1996);
Robert P. Clark, The Global Imperative: An Interpretive History of the Spread of Humankind (Boulder, 1997); King 1991.
Fernández-Armesto acknowledged the contributions of Kenneth Clark and Norbert Elias to his conception of civilization. Meanwhile Africanists, faced with an earlier paradigm separating the civilized from barbarians and placing Africa at the bottom of a civilizational hierarchy, had proposed a vision of ecologically and technologically differentiated civilizations of the hoe and the bow. Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature (New York, 2001): 26;
Jacques Maquet, Civilizations of Black Africa, trans. Joan Rayfield ([1962] New York, 1972).
For efforts to set the lens at an even wider scope, David Fromkin, The Way of the World: From the Dawn of Civilizations to the Eve of the Twenty-first Century (New York, 1998), and J. Burke and Ornstein (1995) each offer overall views of human history.
William Durham, Coevolution: Genes, Culture, and Human Diversity (Stanford, 1991).
Others with broad interpretation of great swaths of human history include Simmons 1996; and Peter Bogucki, The Origins of Human Society (Oxford, 1999).
Graeme Snooks, The Dynamic Society: Exploring the Sources of Global Change (London, 1996);
Andre Gunder Frank, “Materialistically Yours: The Dynamic Society of Graeme Snooks,” Journal of World History 9 (1998), 107–16.
Snooks appears to draw on the interpretive approach of V. Gordon Childe. In a flood of publication focusing on the application of these long-run ideas to economic theory and policy for the present day, Snooks published The Ephemeral Civilization (London, 1998); The Laws of History (London, 1998); Longrun Dynamics: A General Economic and Political Theory (London, 1998); and Global Transition: A General Theory of Economic Development (London, 1999). See also Childe 1942.
James Blaut, The Colonizer’s Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History (New York, 1993);
Samir Amin, Eurocentrism, trans. Russell Moore ([1988] New York, 1989);
Peter Coclanis, “Drang Nach Osten: Bernard Bailyn, the World-Island, and the Idea of Atlantic History,” Journal of World History 13 (2002), 169–82.
The Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association have each undertaken major reviews. The OAH completed a study of internationalizing U.S. history (chaired by Thomas Bender), and the AHA created its Committee on Graduate Education in 2000, with Colin Palmer as chair and Thomas Bender as co-chair. Thomas Bender, The La Pietra Report: Internationalizing the Study of American History (New York, 2000)—available online at www.oah.org/activities/lapietra/final.htm; and Philip Katz, “The CGE Hits the Road,” Perspectives [AHA] (May 2001), 11.
Peter Gran, Beyond Eurocentrism: A New View of Modern World History (Syracuse, 1996); Stearns 1993b.
Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker, The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (Boston, 2000);
Nicholas Canny, Europeans on the Move: Studies on European Migration, 1500–1800 (Oxford, 1994);
Margaret Strobel, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington, Ind., 1991);
Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1990 (Oxford, 1990);
Tilly, Durable Inequality (Berkeley, 1998).
Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Millennium: A History of the Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995);
see also James C. Russell, The Germanization of Early Medieval Christianity: A Sociohistorical Approach to Religious Transformation (New York, 1994).
Iriye, 1997; William Keylor, The Twentieth Century World (Oxford, 1995);
Gyan Prakash, ed., After Colonialism: Imperial Histories and Postcolonial Displacements (Princeton, 1995);
Michael Geyer and Charles Bright, “World History in a Global Age,” American Historical Review 100 (1995), 1,034–60.
Michael A. Gomez, Exchanging our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South (Chapel Hill, 1998);
Richard J. Powell, Black Art and Culture in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1997).
Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Indians and English: Facing off in Early America (Ithaca, 2000);
Carl J. Guarneri, America Compared: American History in International Perspective, 2 vols. (Boston, 1997);
Joyce E. Chaplin, Subject Matter: Technology, the Body, and Science on the Anglo-American Frontier, 1500–1676 (Cambridge, Mass., 2001);
Donald Worster, The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination (New York, 1993);
Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century (Baton Rouge, 1992).
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Manning, P. (2003). Organizing a Field since 1990. In: Navigating World History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403973856_5
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