Abstract
The Massacre River sometimes courses, sometimes streams along the valleys of the Cordillera Central, heads northward for about 45 miles, reaches past Fort Liberté, flows out into Manzanillo Bay and the waters of the Atlantic. On its way there, it passes between Ouanaminthe, on the western side, and Dajabón, to the east. The name of the Rivière Massacre, so christened in 1728, commemorates the killing of a company of boucaniers: men whose cattle-rounding and pillaging had taken them to this place claimed by the Spanish and situated in the northwest corner of what would become the Dominican Republic.2
You can do what you like with Haitians. Trujillo murdered twenty thousand of us in time of peace on the River Massacre, peasants who had come to his country for cane-cutting—men, women and children—but do you imagine there was one protest from Washington? He lived nearly twenty years afterwards fat on American aid.
—Graham Greene, The Comedians1
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Notes
Graham Greene, The Comedians (New York: Viking Press, 1966 [1965]), p. 250.
Robert Debs Heinl, Jr. and Nancy Gordon Heinl, Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People, 1492–1995, 2nd edn., rev. and expanded by Michael Heinl (Lanham, MD, New York, and London: University Press of America, 1996 ), p. 498.
Cosé del Castillo, Ensayos de sociología dominicana (Santo Domingo: Editora Taller, 1984), p. 175.
Paul Farmer, The Uses of Haiti (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1994), p. 103, puts the range of victims from 18,000 to 35,000.
See Mario Vargas Llosa, La Fiesta del Chivo ( Madrid: Grupo Santillana de Ediciones, 2000 ), p. 220.
See Carolyn Fowler, A Knot in the Thread: The Life and Work of Jacques Roumain (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1980), p. 180n.8.
José Alcántara Almánzar, Estudios de poesía dominicana ( Santo Domingo: Editora Alfa y Omega, 1979 ), p. 323.
See Richard A. Haggerty, “Introduction,” in Richard A. Haggerty (ed.), Dominican Republic and Haiti: Country Studies, 2nd edn. (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, 1991), p. xix.
See Aaron Segal, Cartography by Patricia M. Chalk and J. Gordon Shields, An Atlas of International Migration ( London, Melbourne, Munich, and New Jersey: Hans Zell Publishers, 1993 ), p. 38.
Andrés Corten, El estado débil: Haití, República Dominicana, trans. Cecilia Millán and rev. Pilar Espaillat (Santo Domingo: Editora Taller, 1993), pp. 201, 262, 263, 273.
David Howard, Coloring the Nation: Race and Ethnicity in the Dominican Republic ( Oxford: Signal Books and Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001 ), p. 23.
On the implications of insular duality, see Rafael Emilio Yunén Z., La Isla Como Es: Hipótesis Para Su Comprobación ( Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic: Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, 1985 ), p. 31.
Joe Painter, Politics, Geography and “Political Geography”: A Critical Perspective (London, New York, Sydney, and Auckland: Arnold/Halstead Press, 1995), pp. 53, 113–14.
Ramón Antonio Veras, Migración caribeña y un capítulo haitiano ( Santo Domingo: Editora Taller, 1985 ), p. 26.
James Ferguson, The Dominican Republic: Beyond the Lighthouse ( London: Latin American Bureau, 1992 ), p. 82.
Quoted in Alfred Viau, Le Président Raphaêl L. Trujillo M. et la République d’Haïti (Ciudad Trujillo: Impresora Nacional, 1956), pp. 57–8, 60.
Frank Moya Pons, Manual de Historia Dominicana, 10th edn. (Santo Domingo: Caribbean Publishers, 1995), pp. 514–15, 518.
Cited in Alan Cambeira, Quisqueya la Bella: The Dominican Republic in Historical and Cultural Perspective ( Armonk, NY and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1997 ), pp. 179–80.
Quoted in Bernardo Vega, Trujillo y Haití, V.1 (1930–1937) ( Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1988 ), p. 27.
See Gérard Pierre-Charles, “Génesis de las Naciones Haitiana y Dominicana,” in Política y Sociología en Haití y la República Dominicana. Coloquio DomínicoHaitiano de Ciencias Sociales, Suzy Castor, André Corten, Lil Despradel, and Gérard Pierre-Charles (eds.) (Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, 1974), pp. 40–1.
On antihaitianismo as state-sanctioned ideology, see Ernesto Sagás, Race and Politics in the Dominican Republic ( Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000 ).
Howard J. Wiarda and Michael J. Kryzanek, The Dominican Republic: A Caribbean Crucible, 2nd edn. ( Boulder, CO, San Francisco, and Oxford: Westview Press, 1992 ), p. 138.
Ferguson, The Dominican Republic, p. 83. Prestol Castillo writes, in reference to Dajabón in the time of the massacre, that “they didn’t use the money of the Dominican Republic in the village, except occasionally, when some travelers was passing through. Days and suns and abstinences and the ‘gouls’—Haitian money—increased the pile of savings.” Freddy Prestol Castillo, El Masacre se pasa a pie, 8th edn. ( Santo Domingo: Ediciones de Taller, 1989 ), p. 97.
Selden Rodman, Quisqueya: A History of the Dominican Republic ( Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1964 ), p. 144.
Edwidge Danticat, The Farming of Bones: A Novel ( New York: Soho, 1998 ), p. 114.
Pedro Mir, Las dos patrias de Santo Domingo, tesis acerca de la división política de la isla en dos naciones ( Santo Domingo: Editora Cultura Dominicana, 1975 ), p. 62.
Eric Williams, From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean, 1492–1969 ( New York: Vintage Books [Random House], 1984 ), p. 438.
Carlos Augusto Sánchez i Sánchez, El caso domínico-haitiano ( Ciudad Trujillo: Editora Montalvo, 1958 ), p. 21.
See María Elena Muñoz, Las Relaciones Domínico-Haitianas: Geopolítica y Migración (Santo Domingo: Editora Alfa & Omega, 1995), p. 162.
Jacques Roumain, “La Tragédie haïtienne,” Regards (18 November, 1937: 4–6), p. 5, quoted in Fowler, A Knot, p. 182.
Michele Wucker, Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola (New York: Hill & Wang, 1999), p. 125.
Thomas E. Weil, Jan Knippers Black, Howard I. Blutstein, Kathryn T. Honston, David S. McMorris, and Frederick P. Munson, Haiti: A Country Study (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982; research completed February 1973 ), pp. 122–3.
Juan Bosch, Composición Social Dominicana. Historia e Interpretación (Santo Domingo: Alfa y Omega, 1988 [1968]), p. 405.
Joaquín Balaguer, La Isla Al Revés. Haití y el Destino Dominicano (Santo Domingo: Librería Dominicana, 1984 [1947]), p. 131.
Claude Moise, “La Constitución de 1987, en la transición política haitiana,” Ciencia y Sociedad XVIII.3 (July–September 1993), pp. 323, 332.
See Andrés Corten, El estado débil: Haití, República Dominicana, trans. Cecilia Millán and rev. Pilar Espaillat ( Santo Domingo: Editora Taller, 1993 ), p. 21.
Amy Wilentz, The Rainy Season: Haiti Since Duvalier ( New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989 ), p. 39.
Ernesto Sagás, “An Apparent Contradiction? Popular Perceptions of Haiti and the Foreign Policy of the Dominican Republic,” paper presented at the Sixth Annual Conference of the Haitian Studies Association (Boston, MA, 14–15 October, 1994), p. 4.
Marcio Veloz Maggiolo, Cultura, Teatro y Relatos en Santo Domingo (Santiago de los Caballeros: Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, 1972), p. 251;
Abelardo Vicioso, “Poesía y nacionalismo en la República Dominicana,” Scriptura I.4 (1981), p. 78.
Bernard Diederich, Swine Fever Ironies (1985), in Libète: A Haiti Anthology, Charles Arthur and Michael Dash (eds.) ( Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers/Latin America Bureau, Ian Randle Publishers, 1999 ), pp. 104–5.
Carlos Fuentes, El espejo enterrado ( Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1992 ), p. 523.
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© 2003 Eugenio Matibag
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Matibag, E. (2003). Transnational Dictatorships, 1930–85. In: Haitian-Dominican Counterpoint. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403973801_6
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