Abstract
They are separate and unequal: Haiti has a predominantly black, French patois-speaking population; the Dominican Republic, a predominantly mestizo or mulatto, Spanish-speaking population. Apart from one another, yet each one occupying a part of the same island, the two countries of Hispaniola have been called “two tragic twins sharing the same craggy rock,” and “conjoined siblings” so dissimilar that, between them, “no dialogue can be established.”3 The two countries’ “shared insularity,” comments another observer, “has been fraught with a history of antagonism.”4
And all of this happens on an Antillean island divided into two countries, and in each one people are scourged by man and the whips of those who rule.
—Freddy Prestol Castillo, El Masacre se pasa a pie1
Ahora mismo y aquí
Están buscando su yo
Santo Domingo y Haití.
—Manuel Cabral, “La Isla Saqueada”2
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Notes
Freddy Prestol Castillo, El Masacre se pasa a pie (Santo Domingo: Ediciones de Taller, 1989), p. 49. The translation of this quote is mine, as are all other translations of quotes from the original French or Spanish except for those otherwise indicated under “Notes” and “Bibliography.”
Manuel del Cabral, Obra Poética Completa de Manuel del Cabral ( Santo Domingo: Editora Alfa y Omega, 1987 ), pp. 486–8.
The first quote is from Carlos Augusto Sánchez i Sánchez, El caso domínicohaitiano (Ciudad Trujillo: Editora Montalvo, 1958), p. 3;
the second from J. Marino Incháustegui, “Relaciones entre España, Santo Domingo y Haití,” Eme Eme V.26 (September–October 1976, dated “Madrid, 1965”), p. 42.
David Howard, Dominican Republic in focus: a guide to the people, politics and culture ( New York: Interlink Books, 1999 ), p. 7.
Michele Wucker, Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola (New York: Hill & Wang, 1999), p. 13.
María Elena Muñoz, Las Relaciones Domínico-Haitianas: Geopolítica y Migración (Santo Domingo: Editora Alfa & Omega, 1995), p. 209.
Alan Cambeira, Quisqueya la Bella: The Dominican Republic in Historical and Cultural Perspective ( Armonk, NY and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1997 ), p. 148.
Paul Farmer, The Uses of Haiti ( Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1994 ), p. 56.
Gérard Pierre-Charles, “Presentación,” in Política y sociología en Haití y la República Dominicana. Coloquio Domínico-Haitiano de Ciencias Sociales, Suzy Castor, André Corten, Lil Despradel, Gérard Pierre-Charles, et al. (eds.) ( Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, 1974 ), p. 10.
Patrick Bellegarde-Smith, “Haiti: Perspectives of Foreign Policy; An Essay on the International Relations of a Small State,” Caribbean Quarterly (September–December, 1974): 21–38, pp. 32–3.
Also, Patrick Bellegarde-Smith, In the Shadow of Powers: Dantes Bellegarde in Haitian Social Thought (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1985), p. 107, from which the quote is taken.
Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Haiti, State Against Nation: The Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990), p. 230. Emphasis is in the original.
See David E. Johnson and Scott Michaelson (eds.), Border Theory ( Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997 ), p. 2.
Pedro Mir, Las dos patrias de Santo Domingo, tesis acerca de la división política de la isla en dos naciones ( Santo Domingo: Editora Cultura Dominicana, 1975 ).
Franklin J. Franco, Santo Domingo: cultura, política e ideología ( Santo Domingo: Editora Nacional, 1974 ), p. 7.
The concept of insularity gained visibility in the 1934 study of Antonio S. Pedreira, Insularismo: Ensayos de interpretación puertorriqueña. Presenting an elitist interpretation of Puerto Rico’s economic and cultural crisis during the inter-war period, Pedreira’s book blamed the island’s problems on the passivity and backwardness of its peasant majority, the jíbaros, whose vices Pedreira attributed to racial mixing and climatological factors. Cited in Ernesto Sagás, Race and Politics in the Dominican Republic ( Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2000 ), p. 120.
Otto Bauer, The Austrian Revolution, trans. H. J. Stenning ( New York: Burt Franklin, 1970 ).
See Otto Bauer, The Austrian Revolution; cited in Rafael Emilio Yunén Z., La Isla Como Es: Hipótesis Para Su Comprobación (Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic: Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Colección Estudios, 1985 ), p. 188.
Jean Price-Mars, La République d’Haïti et la République Dominicaine. Les aspects divers d’un problème d’histoire, de géographie et d’ethnologie, V.1 (Port-au-Prince: Collection du Tricinquantenaire de l’Indépendance d’Haïti, 1953 ), p. 165.
Elizabeth Abbott, Haiti: The Duvaliers and Their Legacy (New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo, and Singapore: Simon & Schuster, 1988), p. 162.
From José Ricardo Roques Martínez, El problema fronterizo domínico-haitiano (Santo Domingo: La Cuna de América, n.d.), p. 3; and Roberto Cassá, “El racismo en la ideología de las clases dominantes dominicanas,” Revista Ciencia III.1 (January–March 1976), pp. 64–5; quoted in José Alcántara Almánzar, Narrativa y sociedad en Hispanoamérica (Santo Domingo: Editora Corripio, 1984), pp. 36–7n.3.
Edward Soja and Barbara Hooper, “The Spaces That Difference Makes: Some Notes on the Geographical Margins of the New Cultural Politics,” in Place and the Politics of Identity, Michael Keith and Steve Pike (eds.) ( London and New York: Routledge, 1993 ), p. 198.
David E. Johnson, “The Time of Translation: The Border of American Literature,” in Border Theory: The Limits of Cultural Politics, Scott Michaelsen and David E. Johnson (eds.) ( Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1997 ), p. 132.
Manuel Rueda, La criatura terrestre (Santo Domingo: Editora Taller, 1987 [1963]), p. 25.
Richard L. Morrill, The Spatial Organization of Society ( Belmont, CA: Wadworth Publishing Co., 1970 ), p. 19.
José del Castillo, “Demografía de la inmigración haitiana,” in Ensayos de sociología dominicana ( Santo Domingo: Ediciones Siboney, Taller, 1984 ), p. 178.
Carlos Esteban Deive, Diccionario de Dominicanismos (Santo Domingo: Politecnia Ediciones, 1986), p. 79;
Ramón Francisco, “Macaraos del cielo, macaraos de la tierra. El hombre, sus dioses, sus creencias,” in De tierra morena vengo. Imágenes del hombre dominicano y su cultura, 2nd edn., Soledad Alvarez (ed.) ( Santo Domingo: Editora Corripio, 1987 ), pp. 119–55.
Margarite Fernández Olmos, “Trans-Caribbean Identity and the Fictional World of Mayra Montero,” in Sacred Possessions: Vodou, Santería, Obeah, and the Caribbean, Margarite Fernández Olmos and Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert (eds.) ( New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997 ), p. 272.
See José Alcántara Almánzar, Los escritores dominicanos y la cultura ( Santo Domingo: Editora Amigo del Hogar, 1990 ), p. 168.
Hubert Herring, with the assistance of Helen Baldwin Herring, A History of Latin America from the Beginnings to the Present, 3rd edn. ( New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968 ), p. 427.
Carolyn E. Fick, The Making of Haiti: The Saint Domingue Revolution from Below ( Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1990 ), p. 56.
José Alcántara Almánzar, Estudios de poesía dominicana ( Santo Domingo: Editora Alfa y Omega, 1979 ), p. 324.
Franklin J. Franco, La Aportación de los Negros (Santo Domingo: Editorial Nacional, 1967), pp. 5, 28; quoted in Bruno Rosario Candelier, “Poesía negra en Santo Domingo,” El Nacional de ¡Ahora! Suplemento Cultural de 30 Abril 1972, p. 2.
Jan Rogoziński, A Brief History of the Caribbean: From the Arawak and the Carib to the Present (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), p. 5;
Rosaline Ng Cheong-Lum, Haiti (New York, London and Sydney: Marshall Cavendish, 1995 ), pp. 8–9.
Selden Rodman, Quisqueya: A History of the Dominican Republic ( Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1964 ), p. 191.
Thomas E. Weil, Jan Knippers Black, Howard I. Blustein, Kathryn T. Hongston, David S. McMorris, and Frederick P. Munson, Haiti: A Country Study (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982 [research completed February 1973]), p. 6.
Figures from Population Reference Bureau, 1998, and Caroline Rayner (ed.), Encyclopedic World Atlas, compiled by Richard Widdows (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996);
cited in David Howard, Coloring the Nation: Race and Ethnicity in the Dominican Republic (Oxford: Signal Books and Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001 ), p. 2.
Andrés Corten, El estado débil: Haití, República Dominicana. Trans. Cecilia Millán and rev. Pilar Espaillat (Santo Domingo: Editora Taller, 1993 ), p. 129.
Paul Goodwin, Jr., Global Studies: Latin America, 6th edn. (Guilford, CT: The Dushkin Publishing Group, 1994), p. 124;
Tom Barry, Beth Wood, and Deb Preusch, The Other Side of Paradise: Foreign Control in the Caribbean ( New York: Grove Press, 1984 ), p. 330.
Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism: Or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism ( Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991 ), p. 12.
In this way it partakes of the abstract corporeality that Antonio Benítez-Rojo evokes in his chaos theory-inspired The Repeating Island: The Caribbean and the Postmodern Perspective, trans. James Maraniss (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 1992). For Benítez-Rojo, the insular “machine of machines” is reiterated in island after island. That is, like fractal patterns, the power of the plantation and the trope of syncretism are mirrored again and again on ever-widening scales throughout the archipelago, and we are reminded that the very word archipelago derives from the Greek archos + pelagos, first applied to the Aegean as a sea of many islands, meaning “original sea.”
James Ridgeway (ed.), The Haiti Files: Decoding the Crisis ( Washington, D.C.: Essential Books/Azul Editions, 1994 ), p. 1.
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© 2003 Eugenio Matibag
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Matibag, E. (2003). Introduction: Point Counterpoint. In: Haitian-Dominican Counterpoint. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403973801_1
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