Abstract
There is considerable focus at the moment on equity ownership. According to an article in The Economist, 1 in 2001 over 50 per cent of the adult population in the United States owned equity. This was a 100 per cent increase since the time of the market correction in 1987. Equity ownership is not only a growing phenomenon in the United States but is also occurring worldwide. More than 50 per cent of Australians and 20 per cent of Germans own shares, and equity ownership is growing in virtually every major Western country.2 Equity ownership, in the form of stocks or property, plant and equipment, has always been an important element of the wealth of upper-income people in Western societies. However the recent rise of equity ownership has occurred in the context of four major developments. First, equity markets have grown as a way of raising funds and have prospered as a result of general business expansion, the rise of world capital markets and the wide diffusion of information technology in financial markets.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alchian, A. A. and H. Demsetz (1972) ‘Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization’, American Economic Review, 62 (December): 777–95.
Applebaum, E. and P. Berg (2000) ‘High-Performance Work Systems: The Historical Context’, in M. M. Blair and T. A. Kochan (eds), The New Relationship: Human Capital in the American Corporation, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Bell, L. and D. Neumark (1993) ‘Lump-Sum Payments and Profit-Sharing Plans in the Union Sector of the United States Economy’, Economic Journal, 103: 602–19.
Ben-Ner, A. and D. Jones (1995) ‘Employee Participation, Ownership, and Productivity: A Theoretical Framework’, Industrial Relations, 34, 4: 532–53.
Blair, M., D. Kruse and J. Blasi (2000) ‘Is Employee Ownership an Unstable Form? Or a Stabilizing Force?’, in M. M. Blair and T. A. Kochan (eds), The New Relationship: Human Capital in the American Corporation, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Blasi, J. R., M. Conte and D. Kruse (1996) ‘Employee Ownership and Corporate Performance Among Public Corporations’, Industrial and Labour Relations Review, 50, 1: 60–79.
— M. Kroumova and D. Kruse (1997) Kremlin Capitalism: Privatizing the Russian Economy, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
and D. Kruse (1991) The New Owners: The Mass Emergence of Employee Ownership in Public Companies and What it Means to American Business, New York: HarperBusiness.
BLS (2000) ‘Pilot Survey on the Incidence of Stock Options in Private Industry in 1999’, press release, Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor, USDL 00–290.
Bonin, J. P., D. Jones and L. Putterman (1993) ‘Theoretical and Empirical Studies of Producer Cooperatives: Will the Twain Ever Meet?’, Journal of Economic Literature, 31: 1290–320.
Brickley, J. A. and K. T. Hevert (1991) ‘Direct Employee Stock Ownership: An Empirical Investigation’, Financial Management, Summer: 70–84.
Core, J. and W. Guay (2000) ‘Stock options plans for non-executive employees’, University of Pennsylvania.
Craig, B. (1995) ‘Participation and Productivity: A Comparison of Worker Cooperatives and Conventional Firms in the Plywood Industry’, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution: 121–60.
— and J. Pencavel (1992) ‘The Behavior of Worker Cooperatives: The Plywood Companies of the Pacific Northwest’, American Economic Review, 82: 1083–105.
del Boca, A. and E. Cupaiuolo (1998) ‘Why Do Firms Introduce Financial Participation? Evidence from a Sample of Small and Medium Italian Manufacturing Companies’, Economic Analysis: Journal of Enterprise and Participation, 1, 3: 221–38.
Drago, R. and G. K. Turnbull (1988) ‘Individual vs. Group Piece Rates Under Team Technologies’, Journal of Japanese and International Economics, 2: 1–10.
Estrin, S. and D. C. Jones (1992) ‘The Viability of Employee-Owned Firms: Evidence from France’, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 45, 2: 323–38.
Fernie, S. and D. Metcalf (1995) ‘Participation, Contingent Pay, Representation and Workplace Performance: Evidence from Great Britain’, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 33, 3: 279–315.
Florkowski, G. (1990) ‘Profit Sharing and Public Policy: Insights for the United States’, Industrial Relations, 30, 1: 96–115.
Freeman, R. and A. Dube (2000) ‘Shared Compensation and Decision-making in the U.S. Job Market’, draft paper, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University (Department of Economics) and NBER.
and J. Rogers (1999) WhatWorkersWant, New York and Ithaca: Cornell University Press and Russell Sage Foundation.
Grunberg, L., S. Moore and E. Greenberg (1996) ‘The Relationship of Employee Ownership and Participation to Workplace Safety’, Economic and Industrial Democracy, 17, 2: 221–41.
Hansmann, H. (1996) The Ownership of Enterprise, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hewitt Associates (1997) Non-executive Stock Option Survey Report, 1997: Variable Compensation Measurement Database, Lincolnshire, IL: Hewitt Associates, VCM Points Programme.
Jones, D. C. (1979) ‘US Producer Cooperatives: The Record to Date’, Industrial Relations, 8: 343–56.
‘The Productivity Effects of Employee Ownership Within Command Economies: Evidence from Poland’, Managerial and Decision Economics, 14: 475–85.
Kandel, E. and E. Lazear (1992) ‘Peer pressure and partnerships’, Journal of Political Economy, 100, 4: 801–17.
Kardas, P., A. L. Scharf and J. Keogh (1998) ‘Wealth and Income Consequences of Employee Ownership: A Comparative Study from Washington State’, draft paper, Washington State Department of Community, Trade, and Economic Development.
Keef, S. P. (1998) ‘The Causal Association between Employee Share Ownership and Attitudes: A Study Based on the Long Framework’, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 36, 1: 73–82.
Kroumova, M. K., J. C. Sesil, D. L. Kruse and J. R. Blasi (2002) ‘Broad-based Stock Options — A Union Non-Union Comparison’, in D. Lewin and B. E. Kaufman (eds), Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations, vol. 11, New York: JAI Press: 69–94.
Kruse, D. (1984) Employee Ownership and Employee Attitudes: Two Case Studies, Norwood, PA: Norwood Editions.
(1993) Profit Sharing: Does It Make A Difference?, Kalamazoo: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
—(1996) ‘Why Do Firms Adopt Profit-Sharing and Employee Ownership Plans?’, British Journal oflndusMal Relations, 34, 4: 515–38.
(1998) ‘Profit Sharing and the Demand for Low-Skill Workers’, in R. Freeman and P. Gottschalk (eds), Generating Jobs: Increasing the Demand for Low-Skill Workers, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
(2002) ‘Research Evidence on the Prevalence and Effects of Employee Ownership’, Journal of Employee Ownership Law and Finance, 14, 4: 65–90.
and J. Blasi (1997) ‘Employee Ownership, Employee Attitudes, and Firm Performance: A Review of the Evidence’, in D. Lewin, D. J. B. Mitchell and
M. A. Zaidi (eds), The Human Resources Management Handbook, Part 1, Greenwich: JAI Press.
and (1999) ‘Public Opinion Polls on Employee Ownership and Profit Sharing’, Journal of Employee Ownership Law and Finance, 11, 3 (Summer).
Lawler, E. E. with S. A. Mohrman and G. E. Ledford Jr. (1998) Strategies for High Performance Organizations — The CEO Report. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Lazear, E. P. (1986) ‘Salaries and Piece Rates’, Journal of Business, 59: 405–31.
—(1995) Personnel Economics, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Lebow, D., L. Sheiner, L. Slifman and M. Starr-McCluer (1998) Recent Trends in Compensation Practices, Washington, DC: US Federal Reserve Board, 15 July.
Levine, D. I. and L. D. Tyson (1990) Participation, Productivity and the Firm’s Environment’, in A. S. Blinder (ed.), Paying for Productivity: A Look at the Evidence, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
McNabb, R. and K. Whitfield (1998) ‘The Impact of Financial Participation and Employee Involvement on Financial Performance’, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 45, 2: 171–87.
Milgrom, P. and J. Roberts (1992) Economics, Organization, and Management, London: Prentice-Hall.
Nalbantian, H. R. (ed.) (1987) Incentives, Cooperation, and Risk Sharing, Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.
National Center for Employee Ownership [NCEO] (1998) CurrentPractices in Stock Option Plan Design, Oakland, CA: National Center for Employee Ownership. Second edition 2001.
(2002) ‘Largest Study Yet Shows ESOPs Improve Performance and Employee Benefits’, at http://www.nceo.org/library/esop_perf.html.
Ohkusa, Y. and F. Ohtake (1997) ‘The Productivity Effects of Information Sharing, Profit Sharing, and ESOPs’, Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 11, 3: 385–402.
Patibandla, M. and P. Chandra (1998) ‘Organizational Practices and Employee Performance: The Case of the Canadian Primary Textile Industry’, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 37, 4: 431–42.
Pearl Meyer (1998) The Equity Stake — 1998: Study of Management Equity Participation in the Top 200 Corporations, New York: Pearl Meyer & Partners.
Pencavel, J. (2001) Worker Participation: Lessons from the Worker Co-ops of the Pacific Northwest, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Pendleton, A., N. Wilson and M. Wright (1998) ‘The Perception and Effects of Share Ownership: Empirical Evidence from Employee Buy-outs’, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 36, 1: 99–123.
Putterman, L. and G. Skillman (1988) ‘The Incentive Effects of Monitoring Under Alternative Compensation Schemes’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 6, 1: 109–19.
Quarrey, M. and C. Rosen (1993) Employee Ownership and CorporatePerformance. Oakland, CA: National Center for Employee Ownership.
Scharf, A. and C. Mackin (2000) Census of Massachusetts Companies with Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs), Boston: Commonwealth Corporation.
Sesil, J., M. K. Kroumova, J. R. Blasi and D. L. Kruse (2002) ‘Broad-Based Stock Option in U.S. New Economy Firms’, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 40, 2: 273–94.
M. Kroumova, D. Kruse and J. Blasi (2000) ‘Broad-Based Employee Stock Options in the U.S.: Company Performance and Characteristics’, Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, CD-ROM, G1-G5, Toronto (August).
D. L. Kmse and J. R. Blasi (2001) ‘Sharing Ownership via Employee Stock’, WIDER Discussion Paper no. 2001/25, Helsinki: UNU/WIDER.
Smith, S., B.-C. Cin and M. Vodopivec (1997) ‘Privatization Incidence, Ownership Forms, and Firm Performance: Evidence from Slovenia’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 25, 2: 158–79.
Tseo, G. (1996) ‘Chinese Economic Restructuring: Enterprise Development through Employee Ownership’, Economic and Industrial Democracy, 17, 2: 243–79.
US DOL (2002) ‘Abstract of 1998 Form 5500 Annual Reports’, Private Pension Plan Bulletin, 11 (Winter), Pension and Welfare Benefits Administration, US Department of Labor.
Uvalic, M. and D. Vaughan-Whitehead (eds) (1997) Privatisation Surprises in Transition Economies: Employee Ownership in Central and Eastern Europe, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Wagner, J. A. (1994) ‘Participation’s Effects on Performance and Satisfaction: A Reconsideration of Research Evidence’, Academy of Management Review, 19, 2: 312–30.
Watson Wyatt Worldwide (1998) Stock Option Overhang: Shareholder Boon or Shareholder Burden?, Bethesda, MD: Watson Wyatt Worldwide.
Weeden, R. and E. Carberry (2000) Current Practices in Stock Option Plan Design, Oakland, CA: NCEO.
and S. Rodrick (1998) Current Practices in Stock Option Plan Design, Oakland, CA: NCEO.
Weiss, A. (1987) ‘Incentives and Worker Behavior’, in H. Nalbantian (ed.), Incentives, Cooperation, and Risk Sharing, Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 137–150.
Winther, G. and R. Marens (1997) ‘Participatory Democracy May Go A Long Way: Comparative Growth Performance of Employee Ownership Firms in New York and Washington States’, Economic and Industrial Democracy, 18, 3: 393–422.
Weitzman, M. L. and D. L. Kmse (1990) ‘Profit Sharing and Productivity’, in A. S. Blinder (ed.), Paying for Productivity: A Look at the Evidence, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2003 United Nations University
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sesil, J.C., Kruse, D.L., Blasi, J.R. (2003). Sharing Ownership via Employee Stock Ownership. In: Sun, L. (eds) Ownership and Governance of Enterprises. Studies in Development Economics and Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403943903_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403943903_4
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-51276-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4039-4390-3
eBook Packages: Palgrave Economics & Finance CollectionEconomics and Finance (R0)