Abstract
One of the most remarkable features of any peace process seems to be the mystery concerning its origins. Why and how, after so many years of violent confrontation, do the actors decide to look for a settlement? What are the factors that break the stalemate and trigger a movement that, if it overcomes the initial obstacles and reaches a certain sustainability, will commonly be referred to as a peace process? What are the reasons that make both contenders, or at least one of them, believe that military defeat of the other is impossible, improbable or politically counterproductive? The mystery that accompanies the initial phases of a peace process is usually also fed by the statements of many involved participants who, frequently for ideological or strategic reasons, argue that there has never been anything similar to a peace process or that this process has definitely ended.
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Notes
J. Darby and R. Mac Ginty (eds), The Managment of Peace Processes (Palgrave Macmillan: London, 2000), pp. 7–8.
Statement of Iñaki Albistur, quoted in G. Giacopuzzi, ETA p–m. El otro camino (Tafalla: Txalaparta, 1997), p. 225.
J. M. Irujo and R. Arques, ETA: la derrota de las armas. Todas las sombras, secretos y contactas de la organizatión terrorista al descubierto (Barcelona: Plaza & Janes, 1993), p. 78; previous quotation from Clark, Negotiating, p. 165.
See also C. Fonseca, Negociar con ETA: De Argel al Gobierno del PP (Madrid: Temas de Hoy), 1996.
I. Egaña and G. Giacopucci, Los días de Argel: Crónica de las conversaciones entre ETA y el Gobierno español (Tafalla: Txalaparte, 1992).
Inside information about the negotiations can also be found in A. Pozas, Las conversaciones secretas Gobierno—ETA (Barcelona: Ediciones B, 1992).
Pozas was at that time communications adviser attached to the Spanish Minister of the Interior. The newest and most complete analysis of the talks in Algeria is a chapter of a book written by F. Domínguez Iribarren, De la negociatión a la tregua. ¿Eil final de ETA? (Madrid: Taurus, 1998), pp. 64–80.
B. Delgado Soto and A.J. Mencía Gullón, Diario de un secuestro: Ortega Lara, 532 días en un zulo (Madrid: Alianza, 1998).
M. A. Iglesias (ed.): Ermua, 4 días de julio: 40 voces tras la muerte de Miguel Angel Blanco (Madrid: El País–Aguilar, 1997).
M. Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. I: The Rise of the Network Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996).
J. Seaton, ‘Why do we think the Serbs do it? The new ‘ethnic’ wars and the media’, Political Quarterly, 70, 3, (1999), pp. 254–70, quotation p. 260.
Actitudes hacia la violencia en el País Vasco, Mayo 1997 (Ed.: Gobierno Vasco. Presidencia, Gabinete de Prospección Sociológicó’), Ms, p. 12.
K. Aulestia, HB. Crónica de un delirio (Madrid: Temas de hoy, 1998), p. 11.
M. Arriagá, Y nosotros que éramos de HB: sociología de una heterodoxia abertzale (San Sebastián: Haranburu, 1997).
Plan de Actuatión del Gobierno para el desarrollo de los valores democráticos y fomento de actitudes de solidaridad, tolerancia y responsabilidad en los adolescentes y jóvenes vascos (ed. Gobierno Vasco), Vitoria (1997), Ms, p. 16.
The statement of Mr Uriarte (Banco Bilbao Bizkaia) in El País, 19 June 1997.
See the interview with Zubia in El Diario Vasco, 9 May 1999.
F. Liera, Los vascos y la política (Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco, 1994), pp. 103 and 104.
This is the metaphor used in the title of one of the most recent and solid studies about the Basque peace movement. See M. J. Funes, La salida del silencio: Movilizaciones por la paz en Euskadi 1986–1998 (Madrid: Akal, 1998). Also Domínguez Iribarren, Negociación, p. 240, refers to ‘the long stage of silence, during which only minority groups of citizens had dared to face up to terrorism’.
More information about the organizational structure and the discourse of these peace groups can be found in B. Tejerina/J. M. Fernández Sobrado/X. Aierdi, Sociedad civil, protesta y movimientos sociales en el Pais Vasco: Los límites de la teoría de la movi–lización de recursos (Vitoria: Gobierno Vasco, 1995), pp. 39–44, 83–9, 131–2.
See the statement of Bakea Orain in El Diario Vasco, 19 July 1997. In September, a member of the same group talked about the ‘recent dissolution of the Maroño–groups’. See El País, 29 September 1997.
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© 2003 Ludger Mees
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Mees, L. (2003). ‘The times, they are a-changin”. In: Nationalism, Violence and Democracy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403943897_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403943897_7
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