Abstract
Both the PSI and the British Labour Party came to champion, at this stage of their histories, a quite similar ‘third way’ between a Keynesian mixed economy and communism. In contrast to the attempt by centre—right revisionists such as Crosland to pass off Keynesianism as socialism, ‘real’ socialism, as the following paragraphs will show, was reasserted as still valid and relevant.
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Notes
Labour Party, Personal Freedom: Labour’s Policy for the Individual and Society, National Executive Committee (thereafter NEC) policy document, June 1956, pp. 3–32, p. 6.
Pietro Nenni’s report to the 32nd PSI National Congress (1957), in PSI, Resoconto stenografico 32° Congresso Nazionale PSI, Venezia 6–10 febbraio 1957, op. cit., pp. 26–8; see also on this Nenni (1956), op. cit., pp. 146.
Crossman, ‘Scientists in Whitehall’ (1963), op. cit., p. 135.
H. Wilson, ‘Speech opening the Science Debate at the Party’s Annual Conference, Scarborough, 1963’, in H. Wilson, Purpose and Politics. Selected Speeches (London: 1964), pp. 14–27, p. 18.
F. Coen, ‘Scienza e politica al Congresso Laburista’, Mondo Operaio, Vol. XVI (October 1963), pp. 11–24, pp. 12–13.
F. Pollock, Automazione. Conseguenze economiche e sociali (Torino: Einaudi, 1976 [1st Italian edition 1956]), p. 102.
See, for instance, J. Diebold, Automation - The Advent of the Automatic Factory (New York: Van Nostrand, 1952); or P. Drucker, The Practice of Management (London: Heinemann, 1955).
Giolitti, ‘Politica ed economia nella lotta di classe. Un’intervista con Antonio Giolitti’, op. cit., p. 3. See also Giolitti, Riforme e Rivoluzione, op. cit., p. 14.
V. Foa, ‘Il Socialismo per un’Italia moderna’, Mondo Operaio, Vol. X (February-March 1957), pp. 69–71, p. 69.
C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956).
R. Guiducci, ‘Il mito dell’industria e programma alternativo’ (July-August 1959), in R. Guiducci (ed.), New Deal Socialista. Valori e strumenti per un piano a lungo periodo (Firenze: Vallecchi, 1965), pp. 32–54, p. 33.
R. Guiducci, ‘Un piano di riforme democratiche’ (May-October 1957), in Guiducci (ed.) (1965), op. cit., pp. 19–31, p. 21.
Pietro Nenni’s speech to the 32nd PSI National Congress (1957), in PSI, Resoconto stenografico 32° Congresso Nazionale PSI, Venezia 6–10 febbraio 1957, op. cit., p. 23.
Giuseppe Bonazzi, ‘Prospettive dell’automazione e via italiana al socialismo’, Mondo Operaio, Vol. XI (August 1958), pp. 9–18. The Italian socialists’ arguments clearly echoed those aforementioned of their British counterparts. See, for instance, Crossman, ‘Scientists in Whitehall’, op. cit., or H. Wilson,‘Speech opening the Science Debate at the Party’s Annual Conference Scarborough 1963’, op. cit.
Wilson, ‘Speech opening the Science Debate at the Party’s Annual Conference, Scarborough, 1963’, op. cit., p. 18.
H. Wilson, ‘Wilson Defines British Socialism’ (article written for the New York Times, September 15, 1963), in Wilson (ed.), Purpose and Politics …, op. cit., pp. 263–70, p. 265.
S. Fielding, ’ “White Heat” and White Collars: the Evolution of Wilsonism’, in Coopey, Fielding and Tiratsoo (eds) (1993), op. cit., pp. 29–47, p. 39. On this theme see also H. Wilson, The New Britain (Harmondsworth: Penguin Special, 1964).
Archivio Centrale di Stato (Rome), Nenni Papers, ‘Correspondence’ series, section 1944–1979, Pietro Nenni-Roberto Guiducci correspondence, box no. 28, bundle no. 1445, Letter from Roberto Guiducci to Pietro Nenni, 4 October 1965 (Milan), p. 1.
Archivio Centrale di Stato (Rome), Nenni Papers, ‘Correspondence’ series, section 1944–1979, Pietro Nenni-Roberto Guiducci correspondence, box no. 28, bundle no. 1445, Letter from Roberto Guiducci to Pietro Nenni, 9 May 1966 (Milan), pp. 1–2, p. 1.
See Wilson, ‘Speech Opening the Science Debate at the Party’s Annual Conference, Scarborough 1963’, op. cit. See also Crossman, ‘Scientists in Whitehall’ (1963), op. cit., p. 142.
Arnaudi’s first articles on the question of science, research and the Italian delay go back to the mid-1950s. See, for instance, Carlo Arnaudi, ‘La ricerca scientifica in Italia’, Attualita, no.7 (January 1956).
Archivio Centrale di Stato (Rome), Nenni Papers, ‘Correspondence’ series, section 1944–1979, Pietro Nenni-Carlo Arnaudi correspondence, box no. 17, bundle no. 1061, copy of the letter from Carlo Arnaudi to the Prime Minister Aldo Moro, in Letter from Carlo Arnaudi to Pietro Nenni, 8 January 1964 (Rome).
G. Picciurro, ‘Funzione Pubblica della Ricerca Scientifica’, Mondo Operaio, Vol. XVII (April 1964), pp. 17–24, p. 18.
Ibid. See also Fondazione di Studi Storici ‘Filippo Turati’ (Florence), PSI Archive, ‘Election Manifestos’ series, ‘Il Programma 1963’, p. 82; and C. Arnaudi, Per una nuova organizzazione della ricerca scienrifica, Speech to the Senate, 18 July 1962 (Roma: tipografia G. Bardi, 1962), pp. 1–35, p. 3–4.
C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution, the Rede Lecture 1959 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959). The Two Cultures is an oftquoted, ground-breaking book which denounced the bias against science of the British humanistic culture and argued in favour of an overall change in the national educational curriculum.
Archivio Centrale di Stato (Rome), Nenni Papers, ‘Correspondence’ series, section 1944–1979, Pietro Nenni-Carlo Arnaudi correspondence, box no. 17, bundle no. 1061, copy of the letter from Carlo Arnaudi to the Prime Minister Aldo Moro, in Letter from Carlo Arnaudi to Pietro Nenni, 8 January 1964 (Rome). The reference to the British model was a key argument employed by socialists in trying to defend and justify their proposal for a new Ministry for Scientific and Technological research against the hostility displayed by both the DC and the Confindustria towards any reform of the status quo. See also the articles that appeared in the Avanti! in 1964 before and after the Labour Party electoral victory, on Labour proposal regarding a new ministry of Technology to be set up and the reappraisal of the already existing Minister of Science. The emphasis put by Labour on the theme of science earned the British Labour Party considerable attention in the Italian press in general. See for example C. Maglietta, ‘I Laburisti di fronte alla Rivoluzione Tecnologica’, Nord e Sud, no. 50 (February 1964), pp. 47–51.
Archivio Centrale di Stato (Rome), Nenni Papers, ‘Government’ series, box no. 110, bundle no. 2363, ‘Resoconto Riunione Interministeriale per la ricerca scientifica’, 3 March 1964.
See, for instance, Labour History Archive and Study Centre (Manchester), Labour Party Archive, Research series, Re. 51–102, 1960, ‘Research Department: functions and staff’, May 1960.
See ‘35° Congresso Nazionale. Roma, 25–29 ottobre 1963’, in F. Pedone, Novant’anni di pensiero socialista attraverso i congressi del PSI 1957–1966 (Venezia: Marsilio, 1984), pp. 238–320, p. 282. On the same question see also PSI, Resoconto stenografico 34°Congresso Nazionale PSI, Milano 15–20 marzo 1961, op. cit., p. 307.
See R. Lowe, Education in the Post-War Years: a Social History (London and New York: Routledge, 1988), p. 80; Labour Party-Labour Research Department (ed.), Twelve Wasted Years, September 1963, p. 209; and Labour Party, Signposts for the Sixties, NEC policy document, 1961, pp. 28–9. On Italy see, T. Codignola, Nascita e morte di un Piano. Tre anni di battaglia per la scuola pubblica (Firenze: La Nuova Italia, 1962), p. 119.
As Hugh Gaitskell wrote in 1955 ‘the major causes of inequality really amounted to the inheritance of wealth and the educational system’, in H. Gaitskell, ‘The Ideological Development of Democratic Socialism in Great Britain’, Socialist International Information, Vol. V (24 December 1955), pp. 921–51, p. 937. See, also Labour Party, Towards Equality: Labour’s Policy for Social Justice, NEC policy document, 1956, p. 5.
See, for instance, G. Petronio, ‘La riforma della scuola’, Mondo Operaio, Vol. IX (January 1956), pp. 32–7.
J. Bowen, A History of Western Education, Vol. 3, The Modern West (London: Methuen & Co, 1981), pp. 530–31.
Labour Party, Learning to Live: a Policy for Education from Nursery School to University, NEC policy document, 1958, p. 3.
G. Elliot, Labourism and the English Genius; the Strange Death ofLabour England (London and New York: Verso, 1993), p. 76.
‘Labour Manifesto 1964’, in Craig (ed.) (1974), opcit., p. 237.
T. Codignola, ‘La Riforma Controriformistica’, Mondo Operaio, Vol. XII (November 1959), pp. 1–7, p. 6.
T. Codignola, ‘La battaglia socialista per la scuola’, Mondo Operaio, Vol. XIV (January-February 1961), pp. 19–22, p. 19.
Ibid., p. 22. See also E. Bestazzi, La politica scolastica del PSI discussa nel Convegno Nazionale sulla Scuola ‘Politica Scolastica Integrata nella Politica di Sviluppo’, Rorna 26–27 maggio 1962 (Roma: Fratelli Palombi Editori, 1962); and G. Recuperati, ‘La politica scolastica dal centro-sinistra alla contestazione studentesca’, Studi Storici, no. 1 (1990), pp. 235–60, p. 242.
Radio Interview reprinted in The Listener, 29 October 1964, quoted in Bogdanor and Skidelsky (1970), op. cit., p. 100.
See, for instance, Fondazione di Studi Storici ‘Filippo Turati’ (Florence), PSI Archive, ‘Proposte per una dichiarazione programmatica del PSI’, (elaborated by a commission appointed in July 1956 by the party’s Executive Committee and including among its members Nenni, Lombardi, Basso, Pieraccini, Mancini), or R. Lombardi, ‘Schema di relazione introduttiva al Convegno delle Partecipazioni Statali’, in PSI-Sezione Economica, Convegno delle Partecipazioni Statali (Milano: Edizioni Avanti!, 1960), pp. 7–44, p. 21.
V. Foa, ‘L’industria di stato e i monopoli’, Mondo Operaio, Vol. IX (May 1956), pp. 286–9.
A. Menichelli, ‘Cultura e lotta operaia’, Mondo Operaio, Vol. IX (AugustSeptember 1956), pp. 492–4, p. 493.
See, for instance, M. Abrams and R. Rose, Must Labour Lose? (London: Penguin Books, 1960).
A. Crosland, Can Labour Win?, Fabian Tract no. 324, May 1960, p. 14.
Giolitti, ‘Alcune osservazioni sulle riforme di struttura’, op. cit., p. 686.
Lombardi, ‘Schema di relazione introduttiva al Convegno delle Partecipazioni Statali’, op. cit., p. 10. See also M. Carabba, Un ventennio di programmazione (Bari: 1977), p. 103.
Wilson, ‘Wilson Defines British Socialism’, op. cit., p. 268.
See Fondazione di Studi Storici ‘Filippo Turati’ (Florence), PSI Archive,‘Election Manifestos’ series, ‘Il programma 1963’, p. 38.
See Labour Party, Signposts for the Sixties, op. cit., pp. 19–20 and ‘Labour Manifesto 1964’, in Craig (ed.) (1974), op. cit., p. 238.
The principle of competitive public enterprise is restated but no specific industries are mentioned. See ‘Labour Manifesto 1959’, in Craig (ed.) (1974), op. cit., p. 201.
See, for instance, ‘Labour Manifesto 1964’, in Craig (ed.) (1974), op. cit., p. 234. See also Wilson, ‘Wilson Defines British Socialism’, op. cit., pp. 267–9.
Haseler (1964), op. cit., p. 57. See also ‘Labour Manifesto 1955’, in Craig (ed.) (1974), op. cit., p. 180.
H. Gaitskell, Socialism and Nationalisation, Fabian Tract no. 300, 1956, p. 35.
Labour Party, Industry and Society, op. cit., pp. 39–40. See also Labour Manifesto 1959’, in F. Craig (ed.) (1974), op. cit., p. 201.
Wilson, ‘Wilson Defines British Socialism’, op. cit., p. 269. See also ‘Labour Manifesto 1964’, in Craig (ed.) (1974), op. cit., p. 237.
See, for instance, Labour History Archive and Study Centre (Manchester), Labour Party Archive, Finance and Economic policy Sub-Committee minutes, 21 December 1965.
See Giuseppe Tamburrano’s speech, in PSI-Sezione Economica, Convegno delle Partecipazioni Statali (Milano: Edizioni Avanti!, 1960), pp. 104–5.
See on this the proceedings of the Convegno per le Partecipazioni Statali (Conference on State Shareholding) held in 1959. Ibid.
Fondazione di Studi Storici ‘Filippo Turati’ (Florence), PSI Archive, ‘Election Manifestos’ series, ‘Il programma 1963’, p. 37.
Labour Party-Labour Research Department (ed.), Twelve Wasted Years, op. cit., pp. 110–11.
Lombardi, ‘Schema di relazione introduttiva al Convegno delle Partecipazioni Statali’, op. cit., p. 36.
Sassoon (1996), op. cit., p. 156. See also N. Chester, The Nationalisation of British Industry 1945–51 (London: HMSO, 1975), p. 1075.
‘Labour Manifesto 1964’, in Craig (ed.) (1974), op. cit., p. 33.
Labour History Archive and Study Centre (Manchester), Labour Party Archive, Finance and Economic policy Sub-Committee minutes, 1 December 1961: as the minutes read, it was time ‘for Labour to work out detailed planning proposals and undertaking some in depth investigation on all aspects related to it (planning)’. At the meeting it was also agreed that studies would be made of various aspects of economic planning for the guidance of the party spokesmen
and members of a future Labour government; that the economist members of the committee (for example Nicholas Kaldor, Thomas Balogh, Robert Nield) should be invited to prepare as soon as possible, memoranda on economic planning with particular reference to overseas experience.
Labour Party, Labour in the Sixties, NEC policy document, 1960, p. 8.
Wilson, ‘Wilson Defines What is British Socialism’, op. cit., p. 266.
‘Labour Manifesto 1964’, in Craig (ed.) (1974), op. cit., p. 229.
Wilson, ‘Speech opening the Science Debate at the Party’s Annual Conference, Scarborough, 1963’, op. cit., p. 18.
Labour Party-Labour Research Department (ed.), Twelve Wasted Years, op. cit., pp. 17, 18, 32.
Labour Party, Signposts for the Sixties, op. cit., p. 8.
‘Labour Manifesto 1964’, in Craig (ed.) (1974), op. cit., p. 235.
P. Roggi, Scelte politiche e teorie economiche in Italia nel quarantennio repubblicano (Torino: Giappichelli, 1988), p. 65.
See, in contrast to the little attention devoted to the question of planning in the 1957 PSI National Congress’s final resolution, the central place planning was given in the winning motion put forward by Autonomia in the 1959 PSI congress. ‘Mozione autonomia, 33° Congresso Nazionale PSI 1959’, in Pedone (ed.) (1984), op. cit., p. 122.
Ibid. See also Lombardi, ‘Schema della relazione introduttiva al Convegno delle Partecipazioni Statali’, op. cit., p. 39.
Carabba (1977), op. cit., p. 72; see also P. Nenni, ‘Relazione al Comitato Centrale del PSI, 17 ottobre 1962’, in Avanti!, 18 October 1962, p. 2.
G. Fuà and P. Sylos Labini, Idee per la programmazione economica (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1963), pp. 22–5.
Ibid., pp. 28–9. See also C. D’Apice, L’arcipelago dei consumi. Consumi e redditi delle famiglie italiane dal dopoguerra a oggi (Bari: 1981), pp. 39–40.
Ugo La Malfa’s ‘Nota aggiuntiva’ defined the economic programme of the government formed by Fanfani in March 1962. Ugo La Malfa was then the Budget Minister.
J. Hayward and M. Watson (eds), Planning, Politics and Public Policy: the British, French and Italian Experiences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 15.
A. Giolitti, Programmazione economica e progresso civile. Discorso pronunciato alla Camera dei Deputati nella seduta del 24 maggio 1962 (Roma: 1962), p. 8.
Italy experienced from the mid-1950s and, in particular, after 1958, a considerable growth in the consumption of consumer durables. From 1956 to 1957 money spent on TVs grew by 30 per cent. Similar figures apply to cars, washing machines, fridges, and so on: in the period 1951–62, the number of cars circulating on Italian territory almost trebled; washing machine ownership passed from 2.9 per cent (1958) to 32.2 (per cent) (1966); fridge ownership grew from 11.4 per cent (1958) to 59.9 per cent (1966). See D’Apice (1981), op. cit., pp. 35ff.
See, for example, Crosland (1956), op. cit., pp. 287–92.
See M. Foot, in Tribune, 27 March 1959.
Labour Party, Labour in the Sixties, op. cit., p. 8.
Bonazzi (1958), op. cit., pp. 17–18.
J. Osborne, Look Back in Anger (London: Faber, 1957).
L. Bianciardi, La Vita Agra (Milano: Bompiani, 1962) and L. Bianciardi, L’Integrazione (Milano: Bompiani, 1960).
H. Wilson, ‘A Four Year Plan’, New Stateman and the Nation, Vol. LXI (26 March 1961), pp. 462–8, p. 462.
Crossman (1960), op. cit., p. 10. See also for similar arguments, Balogh (1963), op. cit., p. 9.
Crossman (1960), op. cit., p. 9.
Ibid.
G. Ruffolo, La Grande Impresa, (Torino: Einaudi, 1971, 1st edn 1965), p. 174.
F. Coen, ‘Le elezioni americane e il programma democratico’, Mondo Operaio, Vol. XIII (September 1960), pp. 22–5.
Labour Party-Labour Research Department (ed.), Twelve Wasted Years, op. cit., p. 72.
Fuà and Sylos Labini (1963), op. cit., p. 97.
Labour Party-Labour Research Department (ed.), Twelve Wasted Years, op. cit., p. 72.
Fua and Sylos Labini (1963), p. 97 and the accusations of ‘uninformative’,‘misleading’ and ‘antisocial’ advertising, in Labour Party-Labour Research Department (ed.), Twelve Wasted Years, op. cit., p. 72.
A. Giolitti, Un socialismo possibile (Torino: Einaudi, 1968), p. 44.
F. Cazzola, ‘Elettori e Iscritti al PSI’, in G. Sivini, Partiti e Partecipazione Politica in Italia (Milano: Giuffre, 1969), pp. 189–212, pp. 204–205. After 1966, the PSI membership started growing again. However, this is explained by the new clientelistic character which the party began to acquire after a few years in government, an assumption which, in some respects, is proven by the almost exclusive growth of party membership in the South and the contemporaneous steady decline in the North: while in 1950 members from the North made up 67 per cent of the total, in 1967 they did not exceed 20 per cent. Ibid., pp. 206–7.
See S. M. Lipset, ‘The Changing Class Structure and Contemporary European Politics’, in Daedalus. Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 93 (Winter 1964), Special issue ‘A New Europe?’, pp. 271–303, p. 279. See also the results of the study titled ‘Partecipazione politica a livello di base’, published in Tempi Moderni, Vol. I (MayJune 1958), pp. 150–166; the Round Table on ‘La partecipazione politica e i partiti in Italia’, Tempi Moderni, Vol. V (January-March 1962), pp. 29–76, which included among the most prominent contributors Norberto Bobbio, Joseph La Palombara, Lelio Basso and Jean Meynaud; F. Coen, ‘Le strutture del PSI e degli altri partiti di massa nei rispettivi statuti’, Mondo Operaio, Vol. XVI (May-June 1963), pp. 10–16.
See Cazzola (1969), op. cit., p. 210.
D. Bell, The End of Ideology (New York: The Free Press, 1965 [1st edn 1962]).
R. Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1961 [1st German edition 1957; 1st British edition 1959 by Routledge and Kegan Paul, London]), p. 52. See also Lipset (1964), op. cit., p. 286.
M. Dogan, ‘Europa. Comportamento elettorale degli operai dell’industria’, Tempi Moderni, Vol. III (July-September 1960), pp. 91–4, p. 91.
M. Abrams, ‘The Future of the Left. New Roots of Working Class Conservatism’, in Encounter, May 1960, pp. 57–9, p. 59.
Fielding (1993), op. cit., p. 37.
Nenni’s speech to the 35th National Congress, in ‘35° Congresso Nazionale PSI. Roma, 25–29 ottobre 1963’, in Pedone (ed.) (1984), op. cit, pp. 238–320. See also Degl’Innocenti (1993), op. cit., p. 319.
Giolitti, ‘Alcune osservazioni sulle Riforme di Struttura’, op. cit., p. 683; and Giolitti (1968), op. cit., p. 46.
M. Dogan, ‘La stratificazione sociale dei suffragi’, in A. Spreafico and J. La Palombara, Elezioni e Comportamento Politico in Italia, (Milano: Edizioni di Comunità, 1963), pp. 407–74, pp. 437–44.
S. Lipset and R. Bendix, Social Mobility in Industrial Society (London: Heinemann, 1959 (American edition by University of California Press, Berkeley, 1959) p. 11. See also A. Pizzorno, ‘The Individualistic Mobilization of Europe’, in Daedalus. Journal of the American Academy ofArts and Sciences, Vol. 93 (Winter 1964), special issue ‘A New Europe?’, pp. 199–224, p. 214.
It should be noted that, although the 1951 election was commonly regarded as the beginning of Labour decline, as a matter of fact, Labour gained more votes in 1951 (48.8 per cent) than in 1945 (48.3 per cent). It was only at the 1955 election that Labour electoral consent began to drop. See D. Butler, British General Elections since 1945 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), pp. 8, 13.
D. Kavanagh, ‘Must Labour Lose Again’, in D. Kavanagh (ed.), Politics and Personalities (Worcester: Billing & Sons, 1990), pp. 91–104, p. 95.
R. McKenzie and A. Silver, Angels in Marble: Working Class Conservatives in Urban England (London: Heinemann, 1968), p. 43.
See, for instance, J. Goldthorpe, The Affluent Worker: Political Attitudes and Behaviour (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), p. 33; or F. Zweigg, The Worker in an Affluent Society: Family, Life and Industry (London: Heinemann, 1961), p. 107.
Labour History Archive and Study Centre (Manchester), Labour Party Archive, NEC minutes, 28 October 1959, ‘Report of Elections Sub-Committee’. See also Crosland (1960), op. cit., p. 20.
See Labour History Archive and Study Centre (Manchester), Labour Party Archive, Home Policy Sub-Committee minutes, 17 June 1957 and Home policy Sub-Committee minutes, 17 September 1958.
R. Titmuss, The Irresponsible Society, Fabian Tract no. 323, April 1960, pp. 1–20, p. 5.
See F. Momigliano and A. Pizzorno, ‘Consumi in Italia’, in F. Momigliano and A. Pizzorno, Aspetti e problemi sociali dello sviluppo economico in Italia (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1959), p. 198.
Kavanagh, ‘Ideology, Sociology and Labour’s strategy’, in Kavanagh (1990), op. cit., p. 105.
See Dogan (1963), op. cit., p. 470. See also S. Lipset and S. Rokkan (eds), Party Systems and Voter Alignments (London: Collier Macmillan, 1967 (American edition, New York: Free Press, 1967), p. 177.
Any Western European socialist party tended to be affected by women’s vote. Yet it was demonstrated that in Catholic countries the difference between electoral behaviour of men and women was much greater than in Protestant countries such as Great Britain. See Lipset and Rokkan (1967), op. cit., p. 159 and Dogan (1960), op. cit., p. 94.
J. Foot, ‘The Family and the “Economic Miracle”: Social Transformation, Work, Leisure and Development at Bovisa and Comasina (Milan), 1950–1970’, Contemporary European History, no. 4 (1995), pp. 327–38, p. 30.
S. Leonardi, Progresso tecnico e Rapporti di lavoro (Torino: Einaudi, 1956), p. 55.
Ibid., pp. 52–65. On this question see also S. Mallet, La Nuova Classe Operaia (Torino: Einaudi, 1976 (1st edn 1963), pp.79–84.
A. Giolitti, ‘L’operaio, la grande fabbrica e il monopolio’, Mondo Operaio, Vol. XIII (March 1960), pp. 23–6, p. 23. See also L. Cafagna, ‘Fine della “classe generale”’, in L. Cafagna (ed.), Classe Operaia, partiti politici e socialismo nella prospettiva italiana (Milano: Feltrinelli, 1966), pp. 228–38 and Ruffolo (1971), op. cit., p. 166.
See G. Alasia, ‘Il PSI e il sindacato’, Mondo Operaio, Vol. XVI (AugustSeptember 1963), pp. 2–6.
G. Tamburrano, ‘Per un programma socialista di governo’, Mondo Operaio, Vol. XII (April-May 1959), pp. 21–4, pp. 22–3.
See A. Landolfi, ‘Partito Socialista Italiano: struttura, organi, dirigenti, correnti’, Tempi Modemi, Vol. V (January-March 1962), pp. 3–45.
See N. Bobbio, Politica e Cultura (Torino: Einaudi, 1955), pp. 121–2.
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Favretto, I. (2003). Structural Reforms and the ‘Socialist’ Management of Capitalism. In: The Long Search for a Third Way. St Antony’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403920027_3
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