Skip to main content

Cross-Border Interactions and Regionalism

  • Chapter
  • 950 Accesses

Abstract

“Africa is not a country,” warn the authors of a recent report meant to entice Polish companies to engage with the “rising” African continent.1 The reminder would seem totally unwarranted but for the enticing blueprints that presume that an integrated single African market is within reach. The establishment by 2017 of a Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA), we are also told, will be followed by a Continental Customs Union (CCU) two years later.2 Meanwhile, Africa keeps being described as a continent deeply segmented, yet integrated through “a significant amount of cross-border trade [that] does take place … [through] informal channels and is [therefore] not measured in official statistics.”3

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Dominik Kopińsky, Andrzej Polus, and Wojciech Tycholiz, Africa-Europe on the Global Chessboard: The New Opening, Central and Eastern Europe Development Institute, 2013, http://ceedinstitute.org/report/1732 (accessed November 2, 2014), pp. 14–38.

    Google Scholar 

  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), African Union (AU), and African Development Bank (AfDB), Assessing Regional Integration in Africa V: Towards an African Continental Free Trade Area, June 2012, http://www.uneca.org/publications/assessing-regional-integration-africa-v(accessed November 2, 2014), pp. 29–60.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Paul Brenton and Gözde Isik (eds.), De-Fragmenting Africa: Deepening Regional Trade Integration in Goods and Services, World Bank Development Policy Review no. 68490, 2012, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/05/03/000333038_20120503000714/Rendered/PDF/684900ESW0Whit00Box367921B00PUBLIC0.pdf (accessed September 1, 2014), pp. 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  4. See Daniel C. Bach, Regionalism in Africa: Genealogies, Institutions and Transstate Networks (Abingdon: Routledge, 2016).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Michiel Baud and Willem van Schendel, “Toward a Comparative History of Borderlands,” Journal of World History 8, no. 2 (1997), 211–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Tanja Börzel, “Do All Roads Lead to Regionalism?,” in Tanja Börzel, Lukas Goltermann, Mathias Lohaus, and Kai Striebinger (eds.), Roads to Regionalism: Genesis, Design, and Effects of Regional Organizations (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013), p. 255;

    Google Scholar 

  7. Shawn Breslin and Richard Higgott, “Studying Regions: Learning from the Old, Constructing the New,” New Political Economy 5, no. 3 (2000), 333–52;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Andrew Gamble and Anthony Payne, “Introduction,” in Andrew Gamble and Anthony Payne (eds.), Regionalism and World Order (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996), pp. 1–20.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Andrew Hurrell, “Explaining the Resurgence of Regionalism in World Politics,” Review of International Studies 21, no. 4 (1995), 332;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Emmanuel Adler, “Imagined (Security) Communities: Cognitive Regions in International Relations,” Millennium 26 (1997), 249–77;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ben Rosamund and Alex Warleigh-Lack, “Studying Regions Comparatively: Back to the Future?,” in Alex Warleigh-Lack, Nick Robinson, and Ben Rosamond (eds.), New Regionalism and the European Union: Dialogues, Comparisons, and New Research Directions (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011), pp. 18–35.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Andrew W. Axline, “Underdevelopment, Dependence, and Integration: The Politics of Regionalism in the Third World,” International Organization 31, no. 1 (1977), 83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. On sovereignty-enhancing versus sovereignty-pooling, see Richard Higgott, “Economic Co-operation in the Asia Pacific: A Theoretical Comparison with the European Union,” Journal of European Public Policy 2, no. 3 (1995), 361–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Michael Keating, The New Regionalism in Western Europe: Territorial Restructuring and Political Change (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1998);

    Google Scholar 

  15. John Harrison, “Re-reading the New Regionalism: A Sympathetic Critique,” Space and Polity 10, no. 1 (2006), 21–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Björn Hettne and Fredrik Söderbaum, “Theorizing the Rise of Regionness,” New Political Economy 5, no. 3 (2000), 457–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Joseph S. Nye, “Introduction,” in Joseph S. Nye (ed.), International Regionalism: Readings (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), p. vii.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hurrell, “Explaining the Resurgence,” 334; Lukas Goltermann, Mathias Lohaus, Alexander Spielau, and Kai Striebinger, “Roads to Regionalism: Concepts, Issues, and Cases,” in Börzel, Goltermann, Lohaus, and Striebinger, Roads to Regionalism, p. 4; Lousie Fawcett and Hélène Gandois, “Regionalism in Africa and the Middle East: Implications for EU Studies,” Journal of European Integration 32, no. 6 (2010), 619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Daniel C. Bach, Regionalism, Regionalisation, and Global Integration across the African Continent (Abingdon: Routledge, 2015).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Daniel C. Bach, “Contraintes et Resources de la Frontière en Afrique,” Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 2, no. 3 (1995), 533–41;

    Google Scholar 

  21. Paul Nugent and Anthony I. Asiwaju, “Introduction: The Paradox of African Boundaries,” in Paul Nugent and Anthony I. Asiwaju (eds.), African Boundaries: Barriers, Conduits, and Opportunities (London: Pinter, 1996), pp. 1–17;

    Google Scholar 

  22. Karine Bennafla, Le Commerce Erontalier en Afrique Centrale: Acteurs, Espaces, Pratiques (Paris: Karthala, 2002);

    Google Scholar 

  23. Wolfgang Zeller, “Special Issue: African Borderlands,” Critical African Studies 5, no. 1 (2013), 1–3; Olivier Walther, “Border Markets: An Introduction,” Articulo: Journal of Urban Research 10 (2014), http://articulo.revues.org/2532(accessed November 12, 2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Paul Nugent, Smugglers, Secessionists, and Loyal Citizens on the Ghana-Togo Frontier (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 232.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Boubacar Barry, “Histoire et Perception des Frontières en Afrique aux XIXe et XXe Siècles: Les Problèmes de l’Intégration Africain,” in United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (ed.), Des Frontières en Afrique du XIIe au XXe Siècle (Paris: UNESCO, 2005), pp. 55–72;

    Google Scholar 

  26. Anthony I. Asiwaju, Western Yorubaland Under European Rule, 1889–1945 (London: Longman, 1976), pp. 141–8;

    Google Scholar 

  27. Aiden Southall, “Partitioned Alur,” in Anthony I. Asiwaju (ed.), Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations Across Africa’s International Boundaries, 1884–1984 (London: Hurst, 1985), pp. 91–2; S. H. Phiri, “National Integration, Rural Development, and Frontier Communities: The Case of the Chewa and the Ngoni Astride Zambian Boundaries with Malawi and Mozambique,” in Asiwaju, Partitioned Africans, p. 115.

    Google Scholar 

  28. T. L. Maliyamkono and Mboya S. D. Bagachwa, The Second Economy in Tanzania (London: James Currey, 1990);

    Google Scholar 

  29. Janet MacGaffey (ed.), The Real Economy of Zaire: The Contribution of Smuggling and Other Unofficial Activities to National Wealth (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Alice Sindzingre, “Réseaux, Organisations et Marchés: Exemples du Bénin,” Autrepart 6 (1998), 86;

    Google Scholar 

  31. John O. Igué and Bio Soulé, L’Etat-Entrepôt au Bénin: Commerce Informel ou Solution à la Crise? (Paris: Karthala, 1993);

    Google Scholar 

  32. Jegghan Senghor, The Politics of Senegambian Integration, 1958–1994 (Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter Lang, 2008);

    Google Scholar 

  33. Stephen Golub and Ahmadu A. Mbaye, “National Trade Policies and Smuggling in Africa: The Case of the Gambia and Senegal,” World Development 37, no. 3 (2009), 594–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Unless otherwise stated, this account of the Senegambia confederation draws from Ebrima Sall and H. Sallah, “Senegal and the Gambia: The Politics of Integration,” in Momar C. Diop (ed.), Le Sénégal et ses Voisins (Dakar: Sociétés Espaces Temps, 1994), pp. 117–41;

    Google Scholar 

  35. and Ebrima Sall, Sénégambie: Territoires, Erontières, Espaces et Réseaux Sociaux, Travaux et Documents du Centre d’Étude d’Afrique Noire no. 36, 1992, http://www.lam.sciencespobordeaux.fr/old/pageperso/td%2036.pdf (accessed September 8, 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  36. John O. Igué, Le Territoire et l’État en Afrique: Les Dimensions Spatiales du Développement (Paris: Karthala, 1995), p. 184.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Judith Scheele, “Circulations Marchandes au Sahara: Entre Licite et Illicite,” Hérodote 142 (2011), 143–62;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Ashley Neese Bybee, “The Twenty-First Century Expansion of the Transnational Drug Trade in Africa,” Journal of International Affairs 66, no. 1 (2012), 69–84;

    Google Scholar 

  39. Antonio Mazzitelli, “Transnational Organised Crime in West Africa: The Additional Challenge,” International Affairs 83, no. 6 (2007), 1071–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Ken Vlassenroot, Sandrine Perrot, and Jeroen Cuvelier, “Doing Business Out of War: An Analysis of the UPDF’s Presence in the Democratic Republic of Congo,” Journal of Eastern African Studies 6, no. 1 (2012), 3;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Kate Meagher, Identity Economics: Social Networks and the Informal Economy in Nigeria (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2010), p. 165;

    Google Scholar 

  42. William Reno, “Clandestine Economies, Violence, and States in Africa,” Journal of International Affairs 53, no. 2 (2000), 433–60.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Jan Tinbergen, International Economic Integration, 2nd rev. ed. (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1965).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Richard Baldwin, 21st Century Regionalism: Filling the Gap Between 21st Century Trade and 20th Century Trade Rules, World Trade Organization, April 2011, http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201108_e.pdf(accessed November 14, 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Daniel C. Bach, “Thick Institutionalism vs Lean Integration: ‘New’ Regionalism in Africa,” in Candice Moore (ed.), Regional Integration and Social Cohesion: Perspectives from the Developing World (Brussels: RLE. Lang, 2013), pp. 93–106.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Paul Nugent, “Educating Rawlings: The Evolution of Government Strategy toward Smuggling,” in Donald Rothchild (ed.), Ghana: The Political Economy of Recovery (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991), p. 81.

    Google Scholar 

  47. This allows parties involved in trade and transport to log standardized information and documents with a single entry point. On the (slow) dissemination of similar programs across the continent, see UNECA, AU, and AfDB, Assessing Regional Integration in Africa VI: Harmonizing Policies to Transform the Trading Environment, 2013, http://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/publications/aria_vi_english_full.pdf (accessed September 1, 2014), pp. 23–42.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, Key Factors in Establishing Single Windows for Handling Import/Export Procedures and Formalities: Trade Facilitation and the Single Window, Economic Development and Globalization Division, E/ESCWA/EDGD/2011/5, November 10, 2011, http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tradfa_e/case_studies_e/escwa_e.pdf (accessed November 14, 2014), p. 29.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Daniel C. Bach, “Africa in International Relations: The Frontier as Concept and Metaphor,” South African Journal of International Affairs 20, no. 1 (2013), 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Scott D. Taylor, Globalization and the Cultures of Business in Africa: From Patrimonialism to Profit (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012);

    Google Scholar 

  51. Barbara E. McDade and Anita Spring, “The ‘New Generation of African Entrepreneurs’: Networking to Change the Climate for Business and Private Sector-Led Development,” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development: An International Journal 17, no. 1 (2007), 17–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Manuel Castells, End of Millennium: The Information Age, Economy, Society, and Culture, 2nd ed., vol. 3 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), p. 92.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Daniel C. Bach, “The Lure of Parochialism: Cross-Border Regionalism as a Gateway,” in Ian Taylor and Fredrik Söderbaum (eds.) Afro-Regions: The Dynamics of Cross-Border Micro-Regionalism in Africa (Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, 2005), pp. 177–8.

    Google Scholar 

  54. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Economic Development in Africa Report 2013: Intra-African Trade—Unlocking Private Sector Dynamism, UNCTAD/ALDC/AFRICA/2013, 2013, http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/aldcafrica2013_en.pdf (accessed October0 20, 2014), p. 111.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Anna Alves, “China’s ‘Win-Win’ Cooperation: Unpacking the Impact of Infrastructure-for-Resources Deals in Africa,” South African Journal of International Affairs 20, no. 2 (2013), 217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Sören Scholvin and Georg Strüver, “Tying the Region Together or Tearing It Apart? China and Transport Infrastructure Projects in the SADC Region,” in André du Pisani, Gerhard Erasmus, and Trudi Hartzenberg, Monitoring Regional Integration in Southern Africa: Yearbook 2012, Trade Law Centre, http://www.tralac.org/publications/article/4655-monitoring-regional-integration-in-southern-africa-yearbook-2012.html (accessed November 14, 2014), p. 189.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Article XXIV, paragraph 8(b) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) stipulates that “substantially all the trade” must be liberalized within a reasonable time frame. World Trade Organization (WTO), The Text of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, July 1986, entered into force January 1, 1948, http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47_e.pdf(accessed November 14, 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Isabelle Ramdoo, ECOWAS and SADC Economie Partnership Agreements: A Comparative Analysis, European Centre for Development Policy Management Discussion Paper no. 165, http://ecdpm.org/publications/ecowas-sadc-economic -partnership-agreement-comparative-analysis (accessed November 14, 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Rodrigo Tavares and Vanessa Tang, “Regional Economic Integration in Africa: Impediments to Progress?,” South African Journal of International Affairs 18, no. 2 (2011), 228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Ulrike Lorenz-Carl, “When the ‘Not So Weak’ Bargain with the ‘Not So Strong’: Whose Agency Matters in the Economic Partnership Negotiations?,” in Ulrike Lorenz-Carl and Martin Rempe (eds.), Mapping Agency: Comparing Regionalisms in Africa (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013), p. 69.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Steffen Wippel, “Conceptual Considerations of ‘Space’ and ‘Region’: Political, Economic, and Social Dynamics of Region-Building,” in Steffen Wippel (ed.), Regionalizing Oman: Political, Economic, and Social Dynamics (New York: Springer, 2013), p. 29.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  62. Olivier Walther, “Business, Brokers and Borders: The Structure of West African Trade Networks,” University of Southern Denmark Department of Border Region Studies, Working Paper no. 01/14, March 20, 2014, http://repec.sam.sdu.dk/sdn/wpaper/l-Walther-2014-BBB-WP.pdf (accessed November 14, 2014);

    Google Scholar 

  63. Emmanuel Grégoire, “La Trilogie des Réseaux Marchands Haoussa: Un Clientélisme Social, Religieux et Étatique,” in Emmanuel Grégoire and Pascal Labazée (eds.), Grands Commerçants d’Afrique de l’Ouest: Logiques et Pratiques d’un Groupe d’Hommes d’Affaires Contemporains (Paris: Karthala-Orstom, 1993), pp. 71–100;

    Google Scholar 

  64. Daniel C. Bach, “Régionalisme et Régionalisation à Travers le Prisme de l’Aire Saharo-Sahélienne,” in Laurence Marfaing and Steffen Wippel (eds.), Les Relations Transsahariennes à l’Époque Contemporaine: Un Espace en Constante Mutation (Paris: Karthala, 2004), pp. 457–79.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Kate Meagher, “The Hidden Economy: Informal and Parallel Trade in Northwestern Uganda,” Review of African Political Economy 17, no. 47 (1990), 64–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Iain Douglas-Hamilton and Oria Douglas-Hamilton, Battle for the Elephants (London: Doubleday, 1992);

    Google Scholar 

  67. Samuel K. Wasser, Bill Clark, and Cathy Laurie, “The Ivory Trail,” Scientific American 301 (2009), 68–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Éric Fottorino, La Piste Blanche: L’Afrique sous l’Emprise de la Drogue (Paris: Balland, 1991);

    Google Scholar 

  69. Alain Labrousse and Alain Wallon (eds.), La Planète des Drogues: Organisations Criminelles, Guerres et Blanchiment (Paris: Le Seuil, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  70. David Camroux, “Regionalism in Asia as Disguised Multilateralism: A Critical Analysis of the East Asia Summit and the Trans-Pacific Partnership,” International Spectator 47, no. 1 (September 2012), 97–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Daniel H. Levine Dawn Nagar

Copyright information

© 2016 Daniel C. Bach

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bach, D.C. (2016). Cross-Border Interactions and Regionalism. In: Levine, D.H., Nagar, D. (eds) Region-Building in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137586117_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics